1. 1 Kidneys and the Urinary System Kidneys and the Urinary System

2. 2 Major Parts of the Machine food, water intakeoxygen intake rapid transport to and from all living cells elimination of food residues nutrients, water, salts carbon dioxide oxygen Based on: Starr, C., Biology: Concepts and Applications, Brooks/Cole

3. 3 When ____________ is broken down in the body, it results in ___________ waste that must be eliminated from the body

4. 4 Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill Protein

5. 5 All 20 amino acids have a ___________. When broken down for energy, the nitrogen group is converted to ammonia __________. Examples of Amino Acids Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

6. 6 Ammonia is converted into _____________. Urea is then transported in the blood to the kidneys where the urea is removed from the blood. Circulatory System Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life

7. 7 Urea is less toxic than ammonia and can be transported in the blood to the kidney urea

8. 8 Formation of Urine Amino acids in protein are broken down, resulting in production of _________ _______is converted to _____________ Urea travels in blood to ________, where removed from blood and incorporated into urine

9. 9 Urinary System Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

10. 10 Anatomy of the Kidney Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

11. 11 Urine Formation by Nephron ______________ forces water, glucose, amino acids and urea from capillaries into _______________ ________________________ are reabsorbed into blood from nephron Some water is reabsorbed into blood __________________ concentrated in water

12. 12 Nephron Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

13. 13 Urine moves from the collecting ducts through the kidney pelvis to the ureter Urine moves from the collecting ducts through the kidney pelvis to the ureter Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

14. 14 Urine moves from the kidneys, through the ureters to the bladder and finally through the urethra Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

15. 15 Regulation of Water Balance Brain monitors water content of blood If ____ water content, pituitary releases ______ ADH travels in blood to _________ ADH causes _____________ to move from urine back into blood

16. 16 Nephron Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

17. 17 Alcohol consumption suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary. Why would this result in dehydration and a hangover?

18. 18 Alcohol Effects Alcohol __________ ADH production by the pituitary Without ADH, higher amounts of water ___________ in the urine Urine with high concentrations of water leaves the body

19. 19 Incontinence (urine leakage) More than 10 million Americans experience incontinenceMore than 10 million Americans experience incontinence Most do not seek treatmentMost do not seek treatment Treatment can improve or eliminate the problem 90% of the timeTreatment can improve or eliminate the problem 90% of the time

20. 20 Causes of Incontinence Stress incontinence: leaking small amounts of urine when coughing, lifting, or exercising Urge incontinence: the bladder suddenly and unexpectedly contracts and expels urine Overflow incontinence: bladder cannot completely empty so urine dribbles

21. 21 Treatments for Incontinence Kegel exercises to strengthen the urinary sphincterKegel exercises to strengthen the urinary sphincter Medicines that increase the sphincter’s ability to contractMedicines that increase the sphincter’s ability to contract Surgery to strengthen the pelvic muscles or to lift the bladderSurgery to strengthen the pelvic muscles or to lift the bladder Retrain the bladder to increase its storage capacity (allowing 3-4 hours between urinating)Retrain the bladder to increase its storage capacity (allowing 3-4 hours between urinating) Drugs to prevent urge incontinenceDrugs to prevent urge incontinence Surgery to remove part of prostate gland if responsible for overflow incontinenceSurgery to remove part of prostate gland if responsible for overflow incontinence

22. 22 Kidney stones form in the kidney pelvis. There are 4 types of stones. Calcium stones (most common) Uric acid stones Bacteria caused stones Cystein stones Based on Mayo Clinic Health Letter

23. 23 Kidney stones cause pain when they pass down the ureters to the bladder and urethra Based on: Mader, S., Inquiry Into Life, McGraw-Hill

24. 24 Treatments for Kidney Stones Small stones may pass with no painSmall stones may pass with no pain Larger stones may pass but cause extreme of pain, requiring a lot pain medicationLarger stones may pass but cause extreme of pain, requiring a lot pain medication Stones that are too large to pass may require surgical treatment including:Stones that are too large to pass may require surgical treatment including: – using a ureteroscope to go up and snare the stone – using a nephroscope to crush the stone and retrieve it –using shock wave lithotripsy where a person is submerged in water containing shock waves to pulverize the stones

25. 25 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Second most common infection following respiratory infectionsSecond most common infection following respiratory infections UTI occur when bacteria (E. coli) from the digestive tract get into the opening of the urinary tract and multiplyUTI occur when bacteria (E. coli) from the digestive tract get into the opening of the urinary tract and multiply Bacteria first infect the urethra, then move to the bladder and finally to the kidneysBacteria first infect the urethra, then move to the bladder and finally to the kidneys UTI tend to occur more in women than menUTI tend to occur more in women than men

26. 26 Women may have more UTIs than men because: 1)they have a shorter urethra, allowing quicker access to the bladder 2)the urethral opening is nearer the anus 3)intercourse may result in UTIs in women Based on: Harvard Medical School Family Health Guide

27. 27 Symptoms of UTIs Urge to urinate but only small amount of urine producedUrge to urinate but only small amount of urine produced Pain and burning sensation in bladderPain and burning sensation in bladder FeverFever Blood in urineBlood in urine

28. 28 Diagnosis and Treatment Doctors check urine for white and red blood cells and bacteriaDoctors check urine for white and red blood cells and bacteria Bacteria grown in culture to determine which antibiotic will work the bestBacteria grown in culture to determine which antibiotic will work the best UTIs are treated with antibiotics and are often cured within 1 or 2 daysUTIs are treated with antibiotics and are often cured within 1 or 2 days