1. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Understanding People Torres 3

2. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Topics UI’s Are For People UI’s Are For People Ergonomics & Human Factors Ergonomics & Human Factors Ergonomics of Software Ergonomics of Software Short-term Memory Short-term Memory Intermediate-Term Memory Intermediate-Term Memory

3. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Topics Long-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Information Processing Information Processing Physical Challenges Physical Challenges Other Factors Other Factors Sociological Ergonomics Sociological Ergonomics Implications on Design Implications on Design

4. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu UI’s Are For People Developers Developers Users Users

5. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Ergonomics & Human Factors Physical factors Physical factors Psychological factors Psychological factors Sociological factors Sociological factors Cultural factors Cultural factors Ergonomic principles Ergonomic principles –Fit the person to the job –Fit the job to the person

6. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Ergonomics of Software Sensation and perception Sensation and perception Learning and memory Learning and memory Attention and performance Attention and performance

7. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Short-term Memory Easy retrieval Easy retrieval Small ( 7 ± 2 items) Small ( 7 ± 2 items) Retained by rehearsal Retained by rehearsal Extremely volatile Extremely volatile

8. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Intermediate-Term Memory Tracks current processing Tracks current processing Non-permanent Non-permanent Semi-transient Semi-transient

9. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Long-Term Memory Storage and retrieval takes effort Storage and retrieval takes effort Dependent on personal interpretation Dependent on personal interpretation Very large Very large Relatively permanent Relatively permanent Recognized more easily than recalled Recognized more easily than recalled

10. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Information Processing Receive information Receive information Evaluate alternatives and outcomes Evaluate alternatives and outcomes Select course of action Select course of action

11. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Physical Challenges Up to 5% of people have disabilities Up to 5% of people have disabilities Over 70% of people with disabilities use the Internet Over 70% of people with disabilities use the Internet Visual acuity Visual acuity Color blindness Color blindness Hearing disabilities Hearing disabilities

12. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Physical Challenges http://www.textmatters.com/our_inter ests/guidelines/typog_visual_impaired/ http://www.textmatters.com/our_inter ests/guidelines/typog_visual_impaired/ http://www.textmatters.com/our_inter ests/guidelines/typog_visual_impaired/ http://www.textmatters.com/our_inter ests/guidelines/typog_visual_impaired/ http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL http://www.w3.org/WAI/GL

13. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Other Factors Age Age Learning styles Learning styles Thought styles Thought styles

14. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Sociological Ergonomics No person (or application) is an island No person (or application) is an island Group dynamics Group dynamics Organizational behavior Organizational behavior Work pressures Work pressures Communication Communication Culture Culture Language Language

15. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Implications on Design Use ergonomic hardware and UI styles Use ergonomic hardware and UI styles Remember the users (customers) Remember the users (customers) Keep expectations of users realistic Keep expectations of users realistic Use existing knowledge Use existing knowledge Facilitate learning Facilitate learning

16. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Implications on Design Don’t overload short-term memory Don’t overload short-term memory Use long-term memory Use long-term memory Design for error tolerance Design for error tolerance Assist decision making and task flow Assist decision making and task flow Use system defaults and customization Use system defaults and customization Keep learning Keep learning

17. William H. Bowers – whb108@psu.edu Questions & Discussion