1. Israel

2. Vocab
Drip Irrigation – A type of irrigation that lets precise amounts of water drip onto plants from pipes.
Potash – substance used in explosives and fertilizer that is extracted from the Dead Sea.

3. History…….Future Became and independent nation in 1948
When the first Zionist settlers arrived – the ‘good’ land was already being used. Much of the land available was swamp or desert.
Rapid development has led Israel to become of the most technologically advanced countries in the world.

4. Environmental Change
“If the state does not put an end to the desert, the desert is likely to put an end to the state.”
Technology
Mining the Dead Sea
Encouraging Migration to the Desert
Economic Activities

5. Technology The Negev desert covers over ½ the country.
100 mile long pipeline / canal / tunnel system called the “National Water Carrier”
Takes water from the Sea of Galilee through the system to irrigate the Negev.
Drip irrigation
The downside…….

6. Israel has devised ways to save water
The success of agriculture has increased demands for water and it has strained the limited supply.
Israel has devised ways to save water
Treat and reuse industrial wastewater
Store groundwater run-off.

7. Mining the Dead Sea
Potash
Table Salt
Bromine

8. Desert Migration
Difficult to attract people to the desert – away from the modern cities. So new towns offered advantages:
High pay, extra time off, low rent…..
“ I came to Arad because I was offered a high salary, a good flat, and low taxes….This is a good place to live, work, and put money aside.” (Zvi)
“For him it is a good place to work and live. For me, it is the desert….i wish he could find a job back in Haifa.” (Rebecca)

9. Economic Activities
Agricultural and Chemical industries were successful – but not enough for jobs for everyone.
With help of grants and loans Israel’s well educated scientists and engineers applied skills to make Israel a world leader in high tech products like medical lasers, aerospace equipment and electronics.
Israel also increased service industries – education, housing, tourism…..

10. Diverse Cultures Israel’s Jews Israel’s Arabs 80% of the population
Great variety of backgrounds – from all over the world.
Israel’s Arabs
20%
Includes Christians, Muslims, and Druzes (independent people who broke from Islam in 1200’s.)

11. Israel’s Jews Ashkenazi Sephardic
Migration before 1948 was from Europe
Israel was established with a modern Westernized character
Israel’s Jews
Sephardic
After 1948 more than ½ the immigrants were from Southwest Asia, North Africa and Asia
Poorer and less education than the rest of Israel's citizens
Worked as unskilled labor and earned less than the European Jews
Had less influence in gov’t

12. Differences in politics as well… one extreme to the other – and everything in between
Ultra-Orthodox
Strictly adhere to Jewish tradition and believe that Israel should be governed accordingly.
Non-religious
Believe that religion should NOT dictate the running of the state and people’s daily lives.

13. Israel’s Arabs
Israeli Arabs are citizens of Israel with al the same rights
However, many believe that they are discriminated against in education, employment and other areas

14. Cooperation and Conflict
1947 – Palestine divided into two states
Arabs attacked and LOST
Palestinians fled to neighboring Arab countries
Jews were expelled from Arab countries and resettled in Israel.

15. Gaza Strip & West Bank…
Many Palestinians took refuge in the Gaza Strop (ruled by Egypt) and in the countries of Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.
1967 new conflict between these countries and Israel.
Israeli troops took control of the West bank in Jordan and the Gaza Strip.

16. By this time, more than one million Palestinians were living permanently as refugees outside the area that was once their country, Palestine….many dreaming of returning to their homeland and establishing an independent Palestinian state….

17. The Conflict Continues…
1960’s – the refugee camps became bases for the PLO – Palestinian Liberation Organization – the Palestinian's government in exile.
PLO refused to recognize Israel as a country
Demanded that Palestine be liberated and refugees be allowed to return home.

18. Government or Terrorists?
The PLO extremists gained worldwide attention for their cause by:
Hijacking planes
Kidnapping and killing Israeli civilians
Conducting raids on Israeli communities.

19. Israel's response…
Israel believed that the PLO were terrorists whose goal was to destroy the Jews.
They began to conduct raids on P LO bases in Arab countries – like Lebanon.
In 1982 Israel invaded Lebanon in an attempt to crush the PLO.

20. Meanwhile….
More and more Israelis were settling in the occupied territories – the West bank of Jordan and the Gaza Strip of Egypt.
Palestinians in those places despaired of ever gaining a homeland and support for the PLO grew.
Demonstrations
Strikes
Violence

21. 1970’s and 1980’s Much violence and blood shed.
Both sides viewed the possibility of peace with suspicion.
1987- Palestinians in Gaza began throwing rocks at Israeli solders and an uprising and more violence began
1991 piece talks resumed in Madrid

22. Peace talks….
Israel talked to Palestinians from the occupied territories but refused to talk to the PLO…eventually letters were exchanged formally recognizing each other and the promise of negotiations began….

23. Peace Stalls….
Israel handed over control of the Gaza and West Bank cities.
Many Jews who had settled there opposed a Palestinian state.
A series of terrorist attacks damaged Israel's faith in the Palestinian government.

24. Assassination…
A right-wing Israeli assassinated Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in November 1995.
Israel elected a new government that mistrusted the peace agreement.
Since then there have been several peace talks – but they have repeatedly broken down.
And so it continues……

25. The End