1. Experiment 10: Inverting Amplifier With Modifications that Require the Use of the Velleman Oscilloscope

2. Figure 1: Circuit Diagram for Inverting Amplifier

3. Additional Steps Modeling in PSpice – Simulate the transient response of the inverting amplifier circuit using Part E, a voltage controlled voltage source – The difference in voltage between the two input terminals of an op amp cause an output voltage to be generated. » Ideal Op Amp model Part LM324 » Close to a real Op Amp model – The sinusoidal voltage source that must be used for a transient analysis is Part Vsin.

4. Circuit A with Part E: Schematics

5. Op Amp Equivalent Circuit v d = v 2 – v 1 A is the open-loop voltage gain v2v2 v1v1

6. Typical Op Amp Parameters ParameterVariableTypical RangesIdeal Values Open-Loop Voltage Gain A10 5 to 10 8 ∞ Input Resistance Ri 10 5 to 10 13  ∞ ∞  Output Resistance Ro 10 to 100  0 0  Supply VoltageVcc/V + -Vcc/V - 5 to 30 V -30V to 0V N/A

7. Voltage Transfer Characteristic

8. Set Open Loop Gain Double click on symbol and set GAIN to at least 100,000 – Typical open loop gain of an op amp is 10 5 -10 8 V/V

9. Setting the Attributes on Vsin: Schematics Double click on the symbol for V1. A pop-up window will open. Change: VOFF (the dc offset voltage) to 0V. VAMPL to 5V. FREQ to 500Hz.

10. Circuit A with Part E: Capture

11. Open Loop Gain Double click on symbol for Part E. Set GAIN in Property Editor pop-up window to at least 100,000.

12. Setting Attributes on Vsin: Capture Double click on the labels (VOFF, VAMPL, and FREQ) individually in schematics and change their value in the pop-up window that opens.

13. Setting Attributes on Vsin: Capture Or, click on the symbol for Vsin and change the values for the attributes in the Property Editor pop-up window. – FREQ is at the left side, VOFF and VAMPL are at the far right side. Scroll right to find VOFF and VAMPL

14. Circuit B with LM324: Schematics

15. Simulation Set-up: Schematics Final Time should be 3-5 times the period (T) of V1. T = 1/f where f is the frequency of the sinusoidal signal.

16. Simulation Profile: Capture

17. Plot of the input voltage and output voltage as a function of time

18. Modifications to Measurement Section: New Circuit

19. Cables The connections to the Velleman scope are BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) connectors. – You will need to use 3 BNC cables with either the alligator clips or the IC clips to make your connections between the scope and your circuit.

20. Input Voltage Source Use the sine wave generator on the Velleman scope. – Set the amplitude of the sine wave to 5V Note that the amplitude on the Velleman scope is actually peak-to-peak so you should actually make this 3V. – Set the frequency of the sine wave to 500Hz. – Connect BNC cable to function generator (bottom BNC connection). Clip red probe to end of R2. Clip black probe (ground) to end of R1.

21. Voltage Measurements using Oscilloscope Channel 1: – Red probe placed between function generator and R2. – Black probe connected to same point as the black wire from the function generator. Channel 2: – Red probe placed between output of the LM 324 and the feedback resistor, R5. – Black probe connected to same point as the black wire from the function generator.

22. Measurements 1. As suggested in lab manual, set trim pot value such that the output voltage of the op amp is equal to -3V when the input voltage is +1.5V. – Take a screen shot of the input and output voltage as a function of time, displaying at least 3 cycles. – Remove R5 from the circuit. Measure and record the resistance between pins 1 and 2. – Measure the output voltage at the following input voltages: 0V, +/-1V, +/-2V, +/-3V, +/- 4V, +/-5V, and +/-6V – use cursors in scope program – Plot the output voltage as a function of the input voltage. Determine – the gain of the inverting amplifier in the linear region of the voltage transfer characteristic using a least squares determination of the slope in the linear region – the output voltage at the positive and negative saturation regions.

23. Measurements 2. Set trim pot value such that the output voltage of the op amp is equal to -4.5V when the input voltage is +1.5V. – Take a screen shot of the input and output voltage as a function of time, displaying at least 3 cycles. – Remove R5 from the circuit. Measure and record the resistance between pins 1 and 2. – Measure the output voltage at the following input voltages: 0V, +/-1V, +/-2V, +/-3V, +/- 4V, +/-5V, and +/-6V – use cursors in scope program – Plot the output voltage as a function of the input voltage. Determine – the gain of the inverting amplifier in the linear region of the voltage transfer characteristic using a least squares determination of the slope in the linear region – the output voltage at the positive and negative saturation regions.

24. Measurements 3. Set trim pot value such that the output voltage of the op amp is equal to -6V when the input voltage is +1.5V. – Take a screen shot of the input and output voltage as a function of time, displaying at least 3 cycles. – Remove R5 from the circuit. Measure and record the resistance between pins 1 and 2. – Measure the output voltage at the following input voltages: 0V, +/-1V, +/-2V, +/-3V, +/- 4V, +/-5V, and +/-6V – use cursors in scope program – Plot the output voltage as a function of the input voltage. Determine – the gain of the inverting amplifier in the linear region of the voltage transfer characteristic using a least squares determination of the slope in the linear region – the output voltage at the positive and negative saturation regions.

25. Measurements Measure exact values of V+ and V- powering the LM 324 op amp.

26. Tabulate Results Vout when Vin is equal to 1.5V Gain from Analysis Measured Value of R5 Gain from Least Square Fit of Data % Deviation of the Gain -3V -4.5V -6V Vout when Vin is equal to 1.5V Averaged Measured Positive Saturation Voltage Measured Value of V+ Averaged Measured Negative Saturation Voltage Measured Value of V- % Deviation for positive saturation voltage % Deviation for negative saturation voltage -3V -4.5V -6V

27. Discussion Section Compare the gains found in Analysis Section and the measured results. – Explain any discrepancies Explain the major differences between the two PSpice simulations. Compare the averaged positive and negative saturation voltages with the measured values of the power supplies. – Does the saturation voltage depend on the amplifier gain (within experimental error)? – Does the saturation voltage agree with that specified in the LM 324 data sheet (find on-line)?