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3. * Oil revenue up sharply 2000-2008, then plummeted * Russia’s GDP fell 8% * “resource curse” – dependence on windfall from natural resource * Severe demographic crisis * Population is shrinking * Dependent on migrant labor Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. * Tsarist Regime: autocracy, absolutism, patrimonialism, Orthodox Christianity * Communist Revolution and Soviet Order * Lenin – 1917 Russian Communist Party * Stalin – 1924 centralized power further * Mikhail Gorbachev – 1985 Reforms: glasnost & perestroika * Political institutions of the transition period: Demise of the USSR * Political institutions of the transition period: Russia 1990-1993 Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. * 1993 constitution combined elements of presidentialism and parliamentarism * Separation of executive, legislative,, judicial branches * Federal division of power between central and regional levels of government * Gave president wide power Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. * President appoints prime minister, government * Has right to issue presidential decrees, which have force of law * Prime minister primarily responsible for economic, social policy * President oversees ministries, other bodies concerned with coercion, law enforcement, state security Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. * President can dissolve parliament or dismiss government * Head of state, commander of chief * Security Council – chaired by president * formulates policy in foreign & defense areas * State Council – heads of regional governments * Public Chamber * 126 members from civic, sports, artistic, other NGOS * deliberate on matters of public policy * may diminish role of Parliament Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. * Senior echelon of leadership in executive branch * Charged with formulating national policy * economic and social * corresponds to Cabinet in Western parliamentary systems * not party government Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. * Federal Assembly is bicameral * Lower house: State Duma * Upper house: Federation Council * Legislation originates in Duma * Federal Council can pass, reject, call for formation of agreement commission to iron out differences * If Duma rejects upper house’s changes, can override Federation Council by two-thirds vote and send bill directly to president Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. * When bill clears parliament, goes to president for signature * If president refuses to sign bill, returns to Duma * Duma pass with amendments or override veto with two-thirds vote * Federation Council must approve bill; simple majority if it approves president’s amendments or two-thirds to override president Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. * The Procuracy * Comparable to prosecuting attorneys in U.S. * Wide-ranging responsibilities, centralized hierarchy * The Judiciary * Unitary hierarchy: all are federal courts * Supreme Commercial Court is highest appellate court, source of instruction, direction to lower courts * Judges nominated by president, confirmed by Federation Council * Ministry of Justice oversees court system, lacks authority over procuracy * The Bar * Advocates, comparable to defense attorneys in U.S. Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. * 1993 Constitution provides for judicial review by Constitutional Court * Presidential authority is challenge for court * Central Government and Regions * 80% of population ethnically Russian * Ethnic minorities each no more than 4% * Currently has 83 territorial units * republics, districts, provinces, territories, cities Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. * Centuries of autocratic rule * Rapid, uneven improvement in education, living standards * Exposure to Western standards of political life * Contradictory values in contemporary political culture * Sturdy core of democratic values * Firm belief in need for strong state * Disillusionment with democratization, market reforms * Support individual rights, but less so for minorities * Nostalgia for old order Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

18. * Political socialization * Education * Orthodox Church * Mass media * Much less subject to direct state control than in Soviet era * Authorities seek to use schools and media to build loyalty to state, leaders Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

20. * Importance of social capital * Scare in Russia * Participation in civic activity extremely limited * Weakness of intermediate associations * Since late 1980s, participation apart from voting saw surge followed by ebb * Not psychologically disengaged or socially isolated * Half Russian population reports reading national newspapers * Vote in high proportions * Prize the right to not participate Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

21. * Elite Recruitment * Institutional process in society by which people gain access to positions of influence, responsibility * Soviet regime: Communist Party nomenklatura * Today, mixture of career types Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

22. * NGOs * Elements of corporatism * Three examples of associational groups * Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs * League of Committees of Soldiers’ Mothers * Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia * New Sectors of Interest * Many new associations * More collective action by business, other sectors * More bargaining over details of policy Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

23. * Single party system: United Russia * Spectrum of parties holding seats in parliament dwindled * From Multiparty system to Dominant Party Regime * Polarization of Party System: 1980s-90s a two-party system: LDPR & CPRF * Building Party of Power: 1999-2000 Yeltsin successor: Putin * 2003-2004 elections: pro-Putin party, Unity, renamed United Russia * 2007-208 elections: manipulated elections, disqualified opposition candidates Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

29. * Stabilization: shock therapy * Communism to Capitalism: heavy commitment of resources to military in Soviet Union complicated reform * Privatization * “Loans for shares” * Consequences of privatization * Unsustainable debt trap * No strong institutional framework, no market economy * Social Conditions * Small minority became wealthy in 1990s * High unemployment Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

31. * Gorbachev’s goal: make Soviet Union a law- governed state * Obstacles to Rule of Law * Abuse of legal institutions by political authorities * Corruption * Bribery Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

33. * Has not fully embraced integration into international community * Has not accepted constraints of international law * Expanded military presence in several former Soviet republics * Post-communist transition has been difficult, incomplete Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.