1. 1 IPv6 Security & QoS Babu Ram Dawadi

2. 2 Outline IP Security Overview IP Security Architecture Authentication Header Encapsulating Security Payload Combinations of Security Associations Key Management QoS Overview

3. The need... the most serious involving: –IP spoofing intruders creating packets with false address then taking advantages of OS exploits –eavesdropping and sniffing attackers listen for userids and passwords and then just walk into target systems –as a result the IAB included authentication and encryption in the next generation IP (IPv6) 3

4. IP Security We’ve considered some application specific security mechanisms –eg. S/MIME, PGP, Kerberos, SSL/HTTPS however there are security concerns that cut across protocol layers would like security implemented by the network for all applications 4

5. 5 IP Security Overview IPSec is not a single protocol. Instead, IPSec provides a set of security algorithms plus a general framework that allows a pair of communicating entities to use whichever algorithms to provide security appropriate for the communication. Applications of IPSec –Secure branch office connectivity over the Internet –Secure remote access over the Internet –Establisihing extranet and intranet connectivity with partners –Enhancing electronic commerce security

6. 6 IP Security Scenario

7. IPSec general IP Security mechanisms provides –authentication –Confidentiality –Integrity –Obligation –key management applicable to use over LANs, across public & private WANs, & for the Internet 7

8. Benefits of IPSec in a firewall/router provides strong security to all traffic crossing the perimeter is resistant to bypass is below transport layer, hence transparent to applications can be transparent to end users can provide security for individual users if desired additionally in routing applications: –assure that router advertisments come from authorized routers –neighbor advertisments come from authorized Neighbors –insure redirect messages come from the router to which initial packet was sent –insure no forgoing of router update 8

9. IPSec Services Two protocols are used to provide security: –Authentication Header Protocol (AH) –Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) Services provided are: –Access control integrity –Data origin authentication –Rejection of replayed packets a form of partial sequence integrity –Confidentiality (encryption) –Limited traffic flow confidentiality 9

10. Security Associations a one-way relationship between sender & receiver that affords security for traffic flow defined by 3 parameters: –Security Parameters Index (SPI) a bit string (which algorithm to use?) –IP Destination Address only unicast allowed could be end user, firewall, router –Security Protocol Identifier indicates if SA is AH or ESP has a number of other parameters –seq no, AH & EH info, lifetime etc have a database of Security Associations 10

11. Authentication Header (AH) RFC 2402 provides support for data integrity & authentication of IP packets –end system/router can authenticate user/app –prevents address spoofing attacks by tracking sequence numbers based on use of a MAC (message authentication code) –HMAC-MD5-96 or HMAC-SHA-1-96 –MAC is calculated: immutable IP header fields AH header (except for Authentication Data field) the entire upper-level protocol data (immutable) parties must share a secret key 11

12. Authentication Header 12

13. Transport and Tunnel Modes Both AH and ESP have two modes –transport mode is used to encrypt & optionally authenticate IP data data protected but header left in clear can do traffic analysis but is efficient good for ESP host to host traffic –tunnel mode encrypts entire IP packet add new header for next hop good for VPNs, gateway to gateway security 13

14. Transport & Tunnel Modes 14

15. Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) RFC 2406 provides message content confidentiality & limited traffic flow confidentiality can optionally provide the same authentication services as AH supports range of ciphers, modes, padding –incl. DES, Triple-DES, RC5, IDEA, CAST etc –CBC most common –pad to meet blocksize, for traffic flow 15

16. Encapsulating Security Payload 16

17. Combining Security Associations SA’s can implement either AH or ESP to implement both need to combine SA’s –form a security bundle have 4 cases (see next) 17

18. Combining Security Associations a. AH in transport mode b.ESP in transport mode c. AH followed by ESP in transport mode(ESP SA inside an AH SA d. any one a, b, c inside an AH or ESP in tunnel mode 18

19. 19 Key Management Two types: –Manual –Automated Oakley Key Determination Protocol Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)

20. Key Management handles key generation & distribution typically need 2 pairs of keys –2 per direction for AH & ESP manual key management –sysadmin manually configures every system automated key management –automated system for on demand creation of keys for SA’s in large systems –has Oakley & ISAKMP elements 20

21. ISAKMP Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (RFC 2407) provides framework for key management defines procedures and packet formats to establish, negotiate, modify and delete SAs independent of key exchange protocol, encryption algorithm and authentication method 21

22. ISAKMP 22

23. 23 IP Security Architecture Internet Key Exchange (IKE) A method for establishing a security association (SA) that authenticates users, negotiates the encryption method and exchanges the secret key. IKE is used in the IPsec protocol. Derived from the ISAKMP framework for key exchange and the Oakley and SKEME key exchange techniques, IKE uses public key cryptography to provide the secure transmission of the secret key to the recipient so that the encrypted data may be decrypted at the other end. (http://computing- dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/IKE)

24. 24 IPSec Document Overview

25. 25 Transport Mode SATunnel Mode SA AH Authenticates IP payload and selected portions of IP header and IPv6 extension headers Authenticates entire inner IP packet plus selected portions of outer IP header ESP Encrypts IP payload and any IPv6 extesion header Encrypts inner IP packet ESP with authentication Encrypts IP payload and any IPv6 extesion header. Authenticates IP payload but no IP header Encrypts inner IP packet. Authenticates inner IP packet.

26. 26 Before applying AH

27. 27 Transport Mode (AH Authentication)

28. 28 Tunnel Mode (AH Authentication)

29. 29 ESP Encryption and Authentication

30. 30 ESP Encryption and Authentication

31. QoS in IPv6 Protocols IPv6 protocols carry a small number of QoS-Specific service elements in the IP based & Extension Header Flows –Sequence of packets sent from a particular source to a particular destination(s) for which the source require special handling in intermediate routers by control protocols like RSVP 31

32. Flows Packets that do not belongs to a flow carry a flow level of all zeros. All packets belonging to the same flow must be sent with same IP source address and destination address with non-zero flow label. The Flow label field in IPv6 may be used by source to label packets for which it request special handling by the IPv6 routers like real time service. 32

33. IPv6 extension Headers Two external headers to signal QoS requirements –The Routing extension header can be used to request a specific route by indicating a sequence of IP address. –HOP-by-HOP extension headers can be used to transport a maximum of one router alert signaling message per IP packet to every router on the path of QoS-sensitive traffic, indicating that each router should specifically process the packets 33