1. Introduction to PIC and Embedded Systems

2. What is Embedded System?   If we take any engineering product that needs control, and if a computer is incorporated within that product to undertake the control, then we have an embedded system. OR,   A system whose principal function is not computational, but which is controlled by a computer embedded within it.

3. Examples of an Embedded System  The derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle (AGV) Two microswitch bump detectors ultrasound detector Two light sensors compass as navigational system Locomotion is provided by two geared DC motors piezo-electric sounder is included for the AGV to alert its human user

6. Instruction sets – CISC and RISC   CISC many instructions and considerable sophistication. Complexity of the design tends to lead to slow operation.   RISC Each instruction is contained within a single binary word. Every instruction normally takes the same amount of timeto execute.

7. Organizing memory   Von Neumann The computer has just one address bus and one data bus. Simple and logical, and gives a certain type of flexibility. Disadvantage: If the CPU is accessing program memory, then data memory must be idle and vice versa.   Harvard structure Every memory area gets its own address bus and its own data bus. Greater flexibility in bus size, but pay for it with a little more complexity Disadvantage: Reinforces the distinction between program and data memory. Example, when data is stored in program memory as a table, but is actually needed in the data domain.

9. Microprocessors and microcontrollers   Microprocessors: These were amazing devices, which for the first time put a computer CPU onto a single IC. At first, all other functions, like memory and input/output interfacing, were outside the microprocessor. The development of the microprocessor led very directly to applications like the personal computer.

10. Microprocessors and microcontrollers  :  Microcontroller : No need for high computational power, or huge quantities of memory, or very high speed. Special category of microprocessor emerged that was intended for control activities, not for crunching big numbers. After a while this type of microprocessor gained an identity of its own, and became called a microcontroller. The microcontroller took over the role of the embedded computer in embedded systems.

11. Microcontrollers   Primarily, it must have excellent input/output capability   Because many embedded systems are both size and cost conscious, it must be small, self-contained and low cost.   May need to put up with the harsh conditions of the industrial or motor car environment, and be able to operate in extremes of temperature.