1. Who Governs? Part I: Authoritarianism

2. The Basic Question Where is the power to govern vested? Where is the power to govern vested? The One The One The Few The Few The Many The Many

3. Authoritarianism 1. Rule by one or the few (as opposed to the many, in the case of democracy) 2. Elites (rulers) are not responsible to the mass public 3. Limited pluralism (or total lack thereof)

4. Types of Authoritarian Regimes GENERAL Conservative: aimed at keeping the existing political power structure in place. Conservative: aimed at keeping the existing political power structure in place. Radical: seeking to restructure society (likely in terms of class) Radical: seeking to restructure society (likely in terms of class)

5. Types of Authoritarian Regimes SPECIFIC Personalistic (sultanistic, patrimonial rule) Personalistic (sultanistic, patrimonial rule) Traditional Traditional Dynastic (hereditary) Dynastic (hereditary) Theocratic regimes Theocratic regimes

6. Types of Authoritarian Regimes Military Regimes Military Regimes can be conservative or radical (although typically conservative) can be conservative or radical (although typically conservative) Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism Single-Party Rule Single-Party Rule Ideological Ideological Fascism Fascism Communism Communism Others Others Technocratic Technocratic

7. Totalitarianism 1. An official, all-encompassing ideology covering all aspects of existence and to which everyone living in the society must adhere. 2. A single mass party, typically led by one person, combined with and inseparable from the governmental apparatus, and monopolizing all political activities.

8. Totalitarianism 3. A system of terroristic police control employing modern torture and surveillance techniques. 4. A technological monopoly in the hands of the party or dictator controlling all means of mass communication, such as the press, radio, television, and motion pictures.

9. Totalitarianism 5. A similar monopoly, under the same control, of all means of armed combat. 6. A central control and direction of the entire economy, including bureaucratic coordination of all formerly independent interest associations, typically including all group and corporate activities (Source: Wiarda 2000:121-122, as adapted from Friedrich and Brzezinski 1962)

24. TABLE 1.1 (Huntington 1991:26) Democratization in the Modern World YearDemocratic States Non-Democratic States Total States Percentage Democratic of Total States 192229356445.3 194212496119.7 1962367511132.4 1973309212224.6 1990 58 71 129 45.0

25. Huntington’s Waves of Democratization (and Reverse Waves) First (long) wave of democratization First reverse wave Second (short) wave of democratization Second reverse wave Third wave of democratization 1828—1926 1922—42 1943—62 1958—75 1974—