1. "One Health" Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal- borne Illnesses Sharon Jackson

2. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses What is “One Health?” Why is it important?

3. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses One Health affects Food Security affects Nutritional Status affects Immunity affects Disease Susceptibility

4. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses Key characteristic – Human Nutrition Goats and chickens are important sources of nutrition

5. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses

6. Advantage of goats and chickens in food security – No requirement for formal feed inputs Sustainability of goats and chickens in agricultural production – Food – Non-food animal products Fertilizer hair

7. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses Animal and human burden of disease – Avian influenza May cause significant disease if a highly pathogenic variant in both domestic birds and humans Spread by infectious droppings or aerosols – Newcastle disease May cause significant disease in domestic birds, minor disease in humans Spread by infectious aerosols – Brucellosis May have significant disease in humans, may be asymptomatic in goats Spread by contact with infectious material, including milk

8. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses Loss of protein provided goats and chickens – Adults and child development Less wealth accumulation – Loss or reduction in eggs and milk

9. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses The relationship between nutrition and human immune function – Protein – Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)

10. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses “Malnutrition is estimated to be an underlying cause of death for 55 percent of all deaths in children under 15 years old in the developing world from perinatal causes and infectious diseases.” Source: Infectious Disease Epidemiology Kenrad Nelsen et al

11. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses Malnutrition and infectious disease susceptibility and maternal health – Impact on pregnancy, parturition and post- parturition – Impact of low birth weight – Circulation of common childhood and other diseases – Circulation of neglected diseases of the developing world

12. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses Diarrheal disease – Vitamins A, D, B12, folate, copper, iron, manganese, selenium, zinc Lower respiratory infections – Vitamin D, calcium, zinc Measles – Vitamin A TB – Vitamin A, D (malnutrition is a major risk factor for progression) Malaria – Vitamin A, zinc

13. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses Health, nutrition, and economic costs and productivity – Ability to perform work – Costs of medical care – Ability to contribute to the non-farm economy – Ability to provide for family members – DALY and QALY

14. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses Other health effects – Chronic disease “…infectious agents likely determine more cancers, immune mediated syndromes, neurodevelopmental disorders and other chronic conditions than currently appreciated.” Emerging Infectious Diseases www.cdc.gov/eid Vol. 12, No. 7, July 2006 O’Connor, Taylor, and Hughes

15. Food Security, Public Health and Other Consequences of Animal-borne Illnesses Questions?