1. Comments on “Economies with a Large Labor Force” Ann Harrison UC Berkeley, IGC, and NBER September 27, 2011

2. Remarkable Fact: Jobless Growth Documenting the facts for the USA, Britain, Canada, Europe One missing explanation Example: USA Example: China

3. Documenting the Facts

4. U.S. Private Sector Employment Relative to Business Cycle Peak; Establishment Survey Index (Peak=100) Months After Employment Peaked

5. U.S. – Household Survey Index (Peak=100) Months After Employment Peaked

6. Longer Term – Something went wrong in 2000s 6

7. One Missing Explanation

8. Policies have systematically lowered the cost of capital relative to (unskilled) labor Extremely low cost of capital Eroding of union power Declining price of investment goods, in US driven by falling computer prices Policies that systematically favor capital relative to labor (China VAT reform)

9. Example: USA Harrison and McMillan (2011), RESTAT, show that 12 percentage points out of the 17 percentage point decline in US manufacturing employment at home can be attributed to the low cost of capital Greater import penetration only accounts for 2 percent Lower and falling real wages in low income countries where US companies expanded their offshore operations only account for 2.4 percentage points reduction in US manufacturing employment.

11. Example: China Cai and Harrison 2011 (Policy Research Working Paper 5788 The Value-Added Tax Reform Puzzle) explore the impact of a tax reform in China that eliminated the VAT on productive investment. Impact: big decline in employment, by 8 percentage points. Policy extended to all of China. Consistent with A.K. Ghose’s excellent presentation indicating subsidization of skilled relative to unskilled workers in India.

12. Summary Many policies have inadvertently encouraged firms to adopt labor-saving technical change. China’s VAT reform is one such example To reverse jobless growth, more efforts are needed to encourage the use of workers relative to capital, particularly unskilled workers who are substitutes for capital and not complementary inputs. Structural changes in economies to encourage employment growth—such as promoting labor- intensive manufacturing in resource rich economies-- are also necessary.