2. Subterranean water that saturates the Earth’s crust just below the surface What is it?

3. How does water get underground? Cracks, crevices in rock Spaces between grains in the soil Rocks/beds that store and transmit groundwater in sufficient quantity to supply wells are called aquifers –22% of all fresh water flows as groundwater

4. How does rock flow through soil? The only open spaces for water to flow are between individual grains, called pore spaces Porosity: percentage of the total volume that is taken up by pores

5. Porosity How loosely packed are the grains? Higher in sedimentary rocks

6. Permeability Are the pores connected? How big are they? How torturous is the path to be traveled? Some cave systems are so permeable that people can move through them

8. The (Ground) Water Table

9. Zone of saturation “coke” table (aka water table) Zone of aeration

10. The Effect of the Water Table If you drill a well below the water table, it will fill to the level of the water table –Straw in pop It forms a surface roughly parallel to the ground surface And it moves downhill under gravity and is exposed at rivers and lakes

12. Aquifers Rocks/beds that store and transmit groundwater in sufficient quantity to supply wells are called aquifers –Confined –Unconfined

14. Balancing Recharge and Discharge Normal “Problem”

16. Balancing Recharge and Discharge Extreme Problems –saltwater intrusion

17. Land Subsidence Groundwater commonly flows through spaces in sediment (sand and gravel) Pumping groundwater can cause grains to rearrange and “compact” Irreversible Permanent damage to reservoirs

18. San Joaquin Valley CA 1 st in agriculture –Central Valley = 25% of nation’s food, 1% of land –“Groundwater mining” Valley is filled with river sediments and clays

19. –First noted here in 1935 –>1/2 of San Joaquin Valley (5,200 mi 2 ) irrigable land has sunk by 1’ Land Subsidence Darn Kids…

20. Groundwater and Erosion Recall how water is a great dissolver –Rainwater contains carbon dioxide which therefore is present in groundwater –Carbon dioxide acts to dissolve limestone –Carbonic acid (COKE) causes faster reactions Therefore the passage of groundwater through limestone can make HUGE caves

21. Just Below Water Table Water coming down from above can evaporate when it reaches opening –Stalactite Water that drips down to base can form –Stalagmite