1. Comparative Anatomy Respiratory System
Kardong
Chapter 11
Part 12

2. Respiratory System Gas exchange system Fish - internal gills or lungs
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Fish - internal gills or lungs
Some amphibians - permanent external gills (perennibranchiate)
Others possess lungs

3. Accessory respiration organs
Amphibian skin
Figure Adaptations for cutaneous respiration (left, book figure 11.7; right, figure 11.6).

4. Fish Respiratory System
Gills associated with walls of pharyngeal arches
Internal gills
Operculum- flap of skin covering gills
Spiracle- reduced 1st pharyngeal arch opening
Nonfunctional
Not in higher fish
Figure Gills of shark and teleost
(see book figures and 11.19).

5. Swim Bladder & Lungs Every vertebrate has lung diverticulum
Pneumatic sac
Which came first?
Physoclistous
Esophagus not connected to swim
bladder
Physostomous
Trachea to lungs or pneumatic sac
Figure Fish swim bladders and urodele lungs (see book figure 11.5).

6. Primitive Fish Have Primitive Lung
Lung diverticulum came first
Then pneumatic duct in teleosts
Swim bladder was secondary modification of lung
Figure Evolution of
lungs and swim bladders
(book figure 11.5).

7. Swim Bladder Red glands - network small arteries
Provide oxygen to swim bladder
Figure Swim bladder (red) of fish.
Figure Rete mirabile in fish, red indicates high oxygen concentration.
Figure Relationship between rete mirabile and the swim bladder (book figure 11.22).

8. Swim Bladder (cont’d.) Weberian ossicles
Swim bladder may act as sound chamber
Figure Weberian apparatus for transmitting swim bladder vibrations to ear.
Figure Weberian ossicles.

9. Lungs Birds - modified lungs and ducts Air sacs associated with lungs
Increase respiratory capacity for flight
Figure Lower respiratory tract of bird (see book figure 11.35, 36, and 37).

10. Trachea Passageway to lungs Larynx- voice box at head
Laryngeal cartilages
Sound produced- vocal sac
Snake hissing- expulsion of air from lungs
Figure Human trachea and larynx.

11. Trachea Birds - A syrinx instead of larynx Lower end of trachea
Not homologous to larynx
Produces sound without vocal cords
Mammals - man has larynx
Different cartilages present
Epiglottis over glottis (slit) to larynx
Diaphragm
Figure Asymmetrical bronchotracheal syrinx of duck.