1. A History of Western Society Tenth Edition CHAPTER 12 The Crisis of the Later Middle Ages, 1300–1450 Copyright © 2011 by Bedford/St. Martin’s John P. McKay ● Bennett D. Hill John Buckler ● Claire Haru Crowston Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks ● Joe Perry

2. Black Death, 1348–1350 precursor: overpopulation & malnutrition –agricultural improvements increase food supply; European population doubles, 1000–1300, thereafter outstripping food production –1315–1317: crop failures produce worst famine of Middle Ages Bubonic plague (“Black Death”) followed trade routes from Asia into Europe, probably via fleas on rates from Black Sea area

3. I. Prelude to Disaster A. Climate Change and Famine 1.The Little Ice Age (1300–1450) 2. Great Famine (1315–1322) B. Social Consequences 1. Abandonment of Villages and Declining Population 2. Scapegoats 3. Governmental Responses

4. Attempts to Stop the Plague Pograms against the Jews “Jew” hat “Golden Circle” obligatory badge

5. Background: The Black Plague Also famously known as “Black Death” Started in eastern europe-1348 Took 3 years to spread Killed 25+ million people, 1/3 of the Europe population caused by the bacterium Yersinia Pestis Spread bubonically, pneumonically, septicemically kills about 2/3 of infected patients in 2–6 days without treatment It spread by infected fleas attaching themselves to rats and then to humans

6. The Culprits

7. The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria. Bacteria multiply in flea’s gut. Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Human is infected!

8. The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.

9. Boccaccio in “The Decameron” The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors.

10. 1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople!

12. Map 9–1 SPREAD OF THE BLACK DEATH Apparently introduced by seaborne rats from Black Sea areas where plague- infested rodents had long been known, the Black Death brought huge human, social, and economic consequences. One of the lower estimates of Europeans dying is 25 million. The map charts the plague’s spread in the mid- fourteenth century. Generally following trade routes, the plague reached Scandinavia by 1350, and some believe it then went on to Iceland and even Greenland. Areas off the main trade routes were largely spared.

13. Medieval Art & the Plague

14. An obsession with death.

15. The Mortality Rate 35% - 70% 25,000,000 dead !!!

17. II. The Black Death C. Care of the Sick 1. Remedies 2. Care by the Clergy 3. Escape

18. A caricature of physicians (early sixteenth century). A physician carries a uroscope (for collecting and examining urine); discolored urine signaled an immediate need for bleeding. The physician/surgeon wears surgical shoes and his assistant carries a flail—a comment on the risks of medical services. Hacker Art Books Inc.

20. Lancing a Buboe

21. The Danse Macabre

22. From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411

23. Procession of the Flagellants Would walk from village to village whipping themselves and others as a sign of repentance

24. Effects on the People Death: -slow, painful -life expectancy up to 1 week Bubonic (most common form) -enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in arms, neck, groin -headaches, nausea, aching joints, high fever, vomiting, extreme fatigue Pneumonic (2 nd most common form) - airborne -infected lungs -sputum (saliva, mucus, blood) spat out Septicemic (least common form) - high fever -skin turned deep purple from DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) - *certain death almost always same day as symptoms appeared

25. Effects on the People (continued) Children -abandoned by parents who did/not suffer from plague -female children especially unlucky because parents favored male children to carry on the family name Adults and the Elderly - could not care for children, help or get needs -marriage rate rose rapidly (men married rich orphans/widows) -doctors suffered-couldn’t cure patients * Huge increase in violence

26. Effects on Economy Lack of peasants/laborers-higher wages Value of land dropped Serfs gained power Decrease in architects, unfinished castles/churches Basically, labor shortage  no action being taken

27. Effects on Art and Music Changed as depression surrounded Before the Black Death, music was happy During the Black Death, music sounded dismal or never played Skeletons- reoccurring symbol in art Plague was depicted in art: suffering and carnage Style of danse macabre – Dance of Death

28. “The Dance of Death” Hans Holbein the Younger “Black Death” By Gilles Le Muisit

29. Effects on the Church Christian church- one of the groups that suffered most Promised cures, treatments Explained to victims that it was God’s will but the reason for punishment was unknown No answers Clergy abandoned duties

30. Effects on Politics Was not drastic but took its toll King Alfonso XI of Castile was the only reigning monarch to die of the plague The Hundred Years' War was suspended in 1348 because so many soldiers died, but later resumed

31. III. The Hundred Years’ War A. Causes 1. Disagreements over Royal Land Rights 2. Succession Dispute 3. French Nobility Divided 4. Economic Reasons B. English Successes 1. Initial English Successes 2. Further English Successes (1415–1419)

32. The Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453

34. The St. Crispin's Day speech is a famous speech from William Shakespeare's play, Henry V, in Act IV Scene iii 18–67 (c. 1599) Shakespeare's inclusion of Westmoreland is however fictional, as he was not present during Henry V’s 1415 French campaign during the 100 Years War.

41. III. The Hundred Years’ War C. Joan of Arc and France’s Victory 1. Joan of Arc 2. Capture and Trial 3. Ultimate French Victory D. Aftermath 1. Havoc in England and France 2. Technology and the Nation State 3. Representative Assemblies 4. Nationalism

42. Cannons Used at Orleons

43. Joan Announces the Capture of Orleans to the King

44. Joan as a “Feminist” Symbol Today?

45. France Becomes Unified! France in 1337 France in 1453

46. Impact Begins process of political centralization in Europe Significant military evolution (Gunpowder) Early rise of nationalistic feelings First popular challenges to secular and spiritual authority End of English claims to France

47. IV. Challenges to the Church A. The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism 1. Babylonian Captivity 2. Atmosphere of Luxury 3. The Great Schism (1377–1417) B. Critiques, Divisions, and Councils 1. William of Occam (1289–1347) 2. Marsiglio of Padua (1275–1342) 3. Conciliarists 4. John Wycliffe (1330–1384) and the Lollards 5. Jan Hus (1372–1415) 6. Resolution of the Schism

48. IV. Challenges to the Church C. Lay Piety and Mysticism 1. Lay Piety 2. Confraternities 3. Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life 4. Mystical Experiences

49. Justice in the late Middle Ages. Depicted are the most common forms of corporal and capital punishment in Europe in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. At top: burning, hanging, drowning. At center: blinding, quartering, the wheel, cutting of hair (a mark of great shame for a freeman). At bottom: thrashing, decapitation, amputation of hand (for thieves). Herzog August Bibliothek

50. V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society A. Peasant Revolts 1. Flanders (1320s) 2. Jacquerie (1358) 3. English Peasants’ Revolt (1381)

52. V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society B. Urban Conflicts 1. Roots of Revolt 2. “Honor” Uprisings

53. V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society C. Sex in the City 1. Late Age of First Marriage 2. Prostitution 3. Rape 4. Homosexuality D. Fur-Collar Crime 1. Noble Bandits 2. Robin Hood

54. The Delights and Dangers of the Medieval Bath Among commoners in the early European Middle Ages, bathing was rare. The well-to-do bathed more often, acquiring wooden or metal bathtubs, and treated bathing as an hospitable act. By the twelfth century, sociable public baths existed in many towns and were frequented by both men and women. Although both Church and state tried to keep the baths “moral” (separate baths for single men and women respectively, mixed bathing only for the married, clear distinctions between bathhouses and whorehouses), the public perception of such baths in the late Middle Ages suggests that promiscuity and adultery were commonplace. That is certainly the conclusion drawn in this Burgundian manuscript, c. 1470, which presents a bath that is said to be fit for a cardinal or a king, who is seen standing at the door. AKG London Ltd.

55. V. Social Unrest in a Changing Society E. Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions 1. Ethnic Diversity and Colonization 2. Legal Dualism 3. “Purity of the Blood” F. Literacy and Vernacular Literature 1. Dante’s Divine Comedy (1310–1320) 2. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (1387–1400) 3. Spread of Lay Literacy