1. Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 3:
Cell Structure and Function

2. What are all living things made of?
All living things are made up of cells. You have seen two cells, an amoeba and a paramecium. What did you notice about their sizes? They are really small, microscopic. What is needed in order to see cells? The microscope needed to be invented and improved in order to see cells clearly

3. If you couldn’t see something, how would you know it exists?
The invention of the compound microscope by Zacharias Janssen in the late 1500’s allowed for the study of cells to occur
Cytology is the study of cells

4. Cell Study and Discovery
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1678) - Used simple scopes to see “animalcules”
First to observe bacteria and protists
Robert Hooke (1665) – Observed cork. First to use the term “cells”
Matthias Schleiden (1888) – All plants are made up of cells
Theodore Schwann (1889) – All animals are made up of cells
Rudolph Virchow (1889) – Cells come from pre- existing cells.

5. **The Cell Theory** All living things are made up of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things
Cells come from pre-existing cells

6. All living things are made up of cells.
What in this room is like a cell?
What is a cell?
Cell
– Basic unit of structure and function in all living things

7. Would a microscopic organism like a bacteria need to be very complex?
Bacteria are simple, very small organism that can control what comes in and out of them, and can reproduce themselves because they have DNA and structures called ribosomes (for protein synthesis)

8. Types of cells *No nucleus* Prokaryotic cells
Primitive cells – “before the nucleus”
*No nucleus*
No organelles surrounded by a membrane
Found in bacteria
Have only a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA & ribosomes
DNA
Cell Wall
DNA

9. What about our cells that are specific to their function
What about our cells that are specific to their function? Do they need to be more complex?
Yes or No? Why? Since our cells have specific functions, there is a greater level of complexity

10. Have membrane – bound organelles All other kingdoms except bacteria
Eukaryotic
*“True nucleus”*
Have membrane – bound organelles
All other kingdoms except bacteria
Contain Organelles
Specialized structures within the cytoplasm to perform distinct processes within the cell

11. Comparing the Two
Cytoplasm
DNA
Cell Membrane

12. Structures common to both Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
DNA
Cytoplasm
Cell Walls (not in Animal or some Protist cells though!)

13. Prokaryotic Cell - Bacteria
Cell Membrane
DNA

14. Eukaryotic Animal Cell
Cell Membrane

15. Eukaryotic Plant Cell

16. Cytoplasm The jelly-like fluid filled area within a cell
Like our blood plasma, contains dissolved monomers like glucose, amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids and glycerol, vitamins and mineral plus ionic substances like NaCl

17. Cytoskeleton
Network of protein strands that provide support and mobility of organelles in cytoplasm.
2 components of cytoskeleton - Microfilaments and Microtubules (both made of protein)

18. Nucleus Only in Eukaryotic cells.
*Stores hereditary information (DNA).
Surrounded by a double nuclear membrane or envelope w/ pores .
Nucleolus (1 or >) produces ribosomes
Nuclear Membrane
DNA
Nucleolus

19. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? How do you know?

20. Mitochondria - *Powerhouse of the cells.
- Supplies energy to the cell (*Site of Cellular respiration)
- Double membrane with inner membrane folded to increase surface area
- Has its own DNA and ribosomes and can replicate themselves!
- Found in greater numbers in cells such as muscle cells & liver cells (2500/cell)
Cristae
Double Membrane

21. Ribosomes – Most numerous organelle.
*Site of protein synthesis. Link amino acids together to form proteins
Made up of RNA and protein.
May be free floating in cytoplasm or attached on Endoplasmic Reticulum

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum
– Maze of folded channels connected to the nuclear envelope. .
There are two types of ER:
1 – Rough w/ ribosomes attached for production & distribution of proteins.
2 – Smooth – Synthesis of lipids & detoxification of toxins.
*Many in the liver

23. Golgi Apparatus (Bodies)
– Stack of smooth flat sacs
- Modifies, collects, packages & distributes molecules to all parts of a cell

24. - *Stores digestive enzymes
Lysosomes
- *Stores digestive enzymes
Are the cells' garbage disposal system. They breakdown worn out organelles
Clean up dead cells
Responsible for the un-webbing of hands of fetus while developing in utero
These are rare in plant cells

25. Vesicles Temporarily isolate and transport specific molecules
Proteins produced in the RER
Lipids produced in the SER
End up in Golgi Apparatus to be processed.

26. Vacuoles - *Stores food, water and wastes
- Plant cells have a very large central water vacuole for support
Acts like a giant water balloon that pushes on the cell wall
- Animal cells have many small vacuoles

27. Centrioles – Found in animal cells
2 perpendicular bundles of microtubules
- Function during cell division      

28. Cell Wall Found in plants, algae, fungus and bacteria
Gives cell rigidity, support and protection.
Made up of cellulose with pectin (glue) between adjacent cells.

29. Chloroplasts - found in leaves and some stems
Convert solar energy into energy rich molecules (glucose) - Photosynthesis
Contain Chlorophyll, DNA and ribosomes
They can replicate as needed (with more sunlight)

30. What does a plant cell have that an animal cell does not?
What does an animal cell have that a plant cell does not?

31. Cell Membrane – Present in ALL CELLS.
Separates the cell’s internal environment from the external environment.
Allows for the passage of some substances based on size and concentration
Selectively Permeable due to pores being present

32. Made of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins floating through it.
Outer part of membrane is made up of polar, hydrophilic heads
Inner part of membrane is made up of nonpolar, hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Proteins through membrane allow for passage of materials across the membrane

33. In the "fluid mosaic model" of membrane structure says that the molecules within the membrane move around.
Phospholipids regularly move sideways & flip
Proteins can not flip around
Rap

34. Cheek Cells
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane

35. Elodea

36. Onion Cells

37. Typical Animal Cell Go to cellsalive.com Nucleolus Nucleus (envelope)
Rough Er
Vesicle
Ribosome
Golgi Apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Smooth ER
MITOCHONDRIA
10. Vacuole
11. Cytoplasm
12. Lysosome
13. Centrioles
Go to cellsalive.com

38. Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole
Golgi Apparatus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Typical Plant Cell

39. 1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________ (Dots)
4. _______________
5. _______________
6. _______________
7. _______________
8. _______________
9. _______________
10._______________
11._______________
12._______________
13._______________

40. Typical Animal Cell Typical Animal Cell Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome
Vacuole
Rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
Microtubule
Smooth ER
Mitochondria
10. Vacuole
11. Cytoplasm
12. Lysosome
13. Centriole
Typical Animal Cell

42. Organelle Function Plant Cells Mitochondria
Animal Cells
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration - transfer of energy - Folds called Cristae
Yes
Ribosomes
Site of Protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough - Protein packaging & transport site Smooth - Sythesis of lipids
Golgi Apparatus
Processing & packaging center for cell secretions
Few
Many
Lysosomes
Produce hydrolytic enzymes
Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments - keep cell's shape and for movement
Microfilaments & microtubules
Support, movement and cell division
Cilia & Flagella
Cell movement & circulation Cilia - many & short, Flagella - 1or 2 & long
Nucleolus
Production of ribosomes
Nucleus
Contains DNA, synthesizes RNA & Ribosomes
Nucleic Acid
DNA & protein - genetic information
Cell Wall
Outmost layer of plant cell - support & protection Made of cellulose & pectin glue between walls No
Vacuole
Stores enzymes, wastes, water & food Large water in plants - support
Yes, large water vacuole
Chloroplast
Contains chlorophyll for Photosynthesis
Centrioles
Microtubules that function during cell division
Cell Membrane
Selectively permeable - made of a bilipid layer & proteins