1. Unit 2 Chapter 5 Legal Environments of Business (LEB)

2.  What is a tort?  What is considered negligence?  What are some common intentional torts?

3. CRIMINAL LAWCIVIL LAW  Legal action is initiate by the government against the defendant  The party bringing a criminal action (the government) is called the prosecution  The prosecution must prove the guilt of the defendant “beyond reasonable doubt”  The punishment in criminal law can be incarceration, a fine, or even the death penalty.  Legal action is initiated by one private individual against another  The party bringing a civil action is called the plaintiff  To prevail, the plaintiff must demonstrate its claim by a "preponderance of evidence”, meaning that the plaintiff must show that it is more likely than not that his or her claims are true.  The loosing party is typically required to pay money damages.

4.  Tort –  Tort – an act that causes private injury to the person or property of anther.  Torts may be broadly classified as:  Intentional torts  Negligence  Strict liability  The most common tort is negligence.

5.  Generally every individual is personally responsible for damage resulting from ay tort committed by him or her.

6.  Employers are liable for the torts of their employees if the torts are committed within the scope of the employees’ employment.

7. Negligence is unintentional tort which occurs when a person’s failure to use reasonable care causes harm. Some examples of negligent conduct: Examples:  a.A city employee working on a manhole forgets to replace the cover and a pedestrian falls in and is injured.  b.A surgeon forgets a medical tool in a patient’s body while operating and stitches the patient up.

8.  With intentional torts, the defendant possesses the intent or purpose to inflict the resultant injury.

9.  In some states, if the injured person was also negligent and the negligence contributed to the injury, the person may be barred from recovering damages,

10.  In many states today, some recovery may even then be obtained by the plaintiff under the doctrine of comparative negligence.

11.  A person injured by a tort is entitled to damages- monetary compensation for the loss or injury suffered.  The amount of damages is typically determined by the trier or the fact in the case.

12.  If a jury is present, it will determine the issues of fact in a civil trial. The issues of law will be determined by the judge.

13.  For a civil case, lawyers can either be hired on an hourly basis or if the case promises an adequate award to the client on a contingency fee bases. For a percentage of the prospective awarded.  However, if the client’s case is lost, the attorney working on a contingency fee basis receives nothing.

14.  Our legal system recognizes two different kinds of legal cases: civil and criminal.

15.  The defendant is charged with a crime such as murder, burglary, robbery, or theft.  The legal action is initiated by the prosecutor on behalf of particular people and society at large. In criminal litigation, the state must prove that the defendant is guilty beyond reasonable doubt.  The punishment in criminal law can be incarceration, a fine, or even the death penalty.

16.  It is the individual who feels wronged or injured who decides whether to file a civil suit. The person who brings a lawsuit is called a plaintiff, and the person against whom relief is sought is called a defendant or respondent.

17.  The plaintiff will win if the judge or jury believes there was more than a 50 percent chance that the defendant was acting negligently. This is a very low standard compared to burden of proof in criminal law.

18. “damages”.  The party who lost is never incarcerated or executed. The loosing party is typically required to reimburse the plaintiff the amount of loss, which is also called “damages”.

19.  It is possible to try a defendant in criminal court and then try the same defendant again in a civil court for the same conduct.  For example, a person might be tried for homicide in a criminal trial, and then have a second trial for the tort of wrongful death. Tell students that the most famous example of this situation is the cases of O.J. Simpson.