1. Patriarchy, social and political control in Sibilla Aleramo’s ‘Una Donna’ (1906) Mairead Hunter & Beatrice Hughes

2. Introduction We will be analysing and highlighting evidence of political and social control of the early 1900’s in ‘Una donna’ We will be referring to legislation in Italy at the time such as the Napoleonic and Pisanelli codes, as well as the influence of the Catholic Church We want to argue that this political control and ecclesiastical influence necessarily oppressed women, giving relevant examples in the book and from other texts.

3. Background Information – Sibilla Aleramo Wrote ‘Una donna’ – 1906 whilst in Rome Already writing feminist articles since 1897 At this time, Italy was entering an industrially productive decade Unconventional childhood, father = role model Recognised diverse gender roles of mother and father, questioning of gender roles Member of ‘Unione Femminile’

4. The Napoleonic & Pisanelli codes and the Church Italy- influenced by Napoleonic code – formed basis of Pisanelli code (1865) – Sibilla aware of restrictions that enforce patriarchal control Division of roles and family legislation – Divorce was forbidden – Sibilla’s recognition of her restricted role solely as male companion Women placed under husband’s authority – ‘la mia vita fancilla era finita’ (p.27) and they became restricted and dependent on men Saraceno (1990) - inequalities of these laws: Women excluded from work and seen as wives and mothers; “Ideal” type mother figure –reinforced by the Catholic Church Women seen as less capable adults due to their domestic responsibilities (Saraceno, 1990) – inequality between gender roles

5. The Pisanelli code and the Church Perry (2004) Catholic Church – long history in private sphere: sex and marriage reinforcing women’s primary roles and the concept of family in a patriarchal setting. Early writings around 1897 – Aleramo adopts conventional Catholic beliefs. In Una Donna, prevailing sentiment – “La mamma vera” (p.5) Saraceno, (1990) Catholic Church – strong influence over Pisanelli code Scott, (1980) ideas of Louis de Bonald (1816); Church and state maintained power - patriarchal institutions legislated private family life and women- Aleramo aware of Catholic impositions

6. Conclusion Lack of women’s rights and gender roles were rigorously and purposely reinforced by Italian authoritarian and patriarchal institutions at the beginning of the 20 th century in order to maintain power. Aleramo’s book brings explicit attention to these inequalities, focusing on the laws themselves. Gender roles and the patriarchy were deeply embedded ideologies in Italy and still are today.

7. ‘…the first requirement for democracy in contemporary societies is that it should represent all citizens, providing equal opportunities and voice in the governance of the public domain.’ Shahra Razavi

8. Bibliography Aleramo, S. 1999 [1906].Una donna. Milan: Feltrinelli Caesar, A. ‘Italian Feminism and the Novel: Sibilla Aleramo’s “A Woman”’, Feminist Review, 1980, 3, 79-87 Caldwell, L. Italian Family Matters: Women, Politics and Legal Reform, Palgrave: Hampshire, 1991 Phillips, R. “Women and Family Breakdown in Eighteenth Century France: Rouen 1780-1800”, Social History, 1976,2, 217 Saraceno, C. 'Women, Family and the Law, 1750 - 1942', Journal of Family History, 1990, 15: 427, Sage Publications Scott, J. ‘Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis’, The American Historical Review, 1986, 91, 5, 1053-1075 Razavi, S. ‘Women In Contemporary Democratization’. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2000, 201-224 Wilson, P. Gender, Family and Sexuality. The Private Sphere in Italy 1860-1945, Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan 2004