1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Chapter 13: Moving West and the War with Mexico PG 102 & 103 Essential Question: How did Westward Expansion change the geography of the nation and demonstrate the determination of its people

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People Stephen Austin – an American who established a small settlement in Mexican-owned Texas; later, he urged Texans to revolt against the Mexican government dictatorship – one-person rule siege – a forceful attack by surrounding a city or fort Sam Houston – commander of the Texas forces during the Texas War for Independence; later, president of the Republic of Texas

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) annex – add on James K. Polk – 11 th president; U.S. president who negotiated the boundaries of Oregon Country; later, he provoked the Mexican-American War cede – give up polygamy – the practice of having more than one wife at a time forty-niner – a nickname given to people who went to California in search of gold

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Since colonial times, settlers had been moving westward and encountering Native Americans and Mexicans. The mixing of these cultures affected the development of the West and the entire United States.

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After it won its independence, Mexico allowed its people to trade with other countries, including the United States. Previously, Spain had followed the mercantilist system, so New Spain had only been permitted to trade with Spain. Mexico’s independence changed the region’s relationship with the United States. New Spain Spain United States and other countries Mexico

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Americans moving west caused the population of the Natives to drop drastically. By the 1840s, many people supported Manifest Destiny, the belief that the United States was destined to extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some people went west for the fur trade, others to become missionaries, and still others for the free and fertile land. They all faced dangers including assault, diseases, accidents, and natural disasters.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many settlers followed the Oregon Trail, a route that stretched more than 2,000 miles from Missouri to Oregon. Travelers left in Spring and had to reach Oregon in 5 months. If they did not make it, they risked a slow death

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Growing Conflict in Texas Religion and Slavery The thousands of Americans who settled in Texas were Protestant, not Catholic. The Americans that settled in Texas owned slaves and wanted to grow cotton in Texas, but Mexico had abolished slavery. A Ban on Americans 1830 – Mexico banned more Americans from coming to Texas Mexico also began to levy heavy taxes on American imports.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1833, General Antonio López de Santa Anna became president of Mexico, and he soon started a dictatorship. These events dashed the hopes of: American settlers who wanted more representation in the Mexican legislature Tejanos (Texans of Mexican descent) who wanted a more democratic government In 1836, Texans declared independence from Mexico and created the Republic of Texas.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Santa Anna’s troops laid siege to the Alamo, a San Antonio mission where 185 Anglo- Americans and Tejanos were gathered.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The defenders of the Alamo held out for 12 days, but they were all eventually killed. Even though the Texans were defeated, this event inspired Americans to join the Mexican army. Later, the Texans defeated Santa Anna’s army at San Jacinto.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A few months later, Sam Houston and the Texas forces attacked San Jacinto and captured Santa Anna. They forced him to sign a treaty recognizing Texan independence.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Sam Houston, president of the new Republic of Texas, hoped the United States would annex Texas. Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren would not support annexation, fearing that the addition of a slave state would split the country. Almost 10 years after Texas became independent, it still had not become an American state.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Presidential Election of 1844 and the Annexation of Texas and Oregon Election of 1844 Whig party nominee Henry Clay tried to avoid the issue of Texas annexation. When campaigning for President, the Democratic party nominee James K. Polk called for the annexation of both Texas and Oregon, and he won the election as 11 th president of the United States Annexation of Texas and Oregon Shortly before Polk took office, President John Tyler asked Congress to annex Texas. Congress voted in favor of the annexation in 1845, and Texas quickly agreed. Polk negotiated with Britain to divide Oregon, and the land the U.S. received eventually became Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The annexation of Texas increased tensions with Mexico, because it had never formally recognized Texan independence. The United States and Mexico also disagreed on the location of the southern boundary of Texas. Polk offered Mexico money to settle the dispute and to purchase California and New Mexico. Not wanting to cede more land to the United States, Mexico refused Polk’s offer.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Polk then tried to provoke Mexico into war by sending troops into the disputed land. Mexican troops attacked Americans. Congress declared war on Mexico, saying Mexico had forced its hand.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Most Americans, especially southerners and westerners, supported the Mexican- American War because they wanted more land. Many northerners were against the war and thought Polk was trying to extend slavery.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Troops attacked Mexico on two fronts. John C. Frémont and Stephen Kearney moved west from Fort Leavenworth to take control of California. They captured Santa Fe, New Mexico and then California.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Before they even reached California, settlers near San Francisco began their own armed revolt. The settlers declared California an independent republic. After several defeats, Santa Anna left Mexico City. The Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo formally ended the war in which Mexico recognized annexation of Texas and ceded a vast territory known as the Mexican cession.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In return, the United States paid $18 million to Mexico. Mexico recognized the U.S. annexation of Texas and ceded a vast territory that included present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, as well as parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The Mexican Cession

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the United States paid Mexico $10 million for a narrow strip of present-day Arizona and New Mexico. The United States had achieved Manifest Destiny.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the United States gained the lands known as the Mexican Cession, large numbers of Americans settled in this vast region. The influx of settlers led to an ethnically diverse population, fights over water rights, and a tragic decline in the Native American population.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Even before the end of the Mexican-American War, the Mormons started moving into the Utah Territory. The Mormons were members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Joseph Smith, who founded the church in 1830, said that he had received the Book of Mormon through heavenly visions.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Mormons had customs, including polygamy, that differed from those of most Americans. This put them in conflict with their neighbors. Hostile communities forced the Mormons to move from New York to Ohio and then to Missouri. By 1844, the Mormons moved to Illinois, where Smith was murdered by an angry mob.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1847, Brigham Young, the new Mormon leader, led some of them on a long, hazardous journey to valley of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. In 1848, as a result of the Mexican Cession, Utah became part of the United States, and Congress created the Utah Territory.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1848, Mexico also ceded California to the United States. At this time, about 10,000 Californios, or Mexican Californians, lived in the territory. After the Mexican Cession, easterners began to migrate to California, and the two groups shunned each other. In 1850, when California became a U.S. state, Mexicans accounted for only 15 percent of the population. Many sold their land.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In January 1848, there was a discovery of gold near Sacramento, and the news spread quickly throughout the United States and abroad. In 1849, the California Gold Rush started and about 80,000 forty-niners went west in search of gold.

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During the gold rush, miners swarmed onto Native American lands to search for gold. Gangs killed Native Americans and stole their land. Nearly two thirds of the Native American population of California—about 100,000 people—died during the gold rush.

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some women did go to California, where they found profitable work: Some women mined. Most forty-niners were young men, and by 1850, the ratio of men to women in California was 12 to 1. Most worked in or ran boardinghouses, hotels, restaurants, laundries, and stores.

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Most mining towns sprang up overnight and emptied just as quickly when miners heard news of a gold strike in another place. Miners needed supplies and entertainment, so most mining towns were made up of a row of businesses and a saloon.

32. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The gold rush also brought enormous ethnic diversity to California. People came from Europe, Asia, Australia, and South America. By 1860, the population of California was almost 40 percent foreign-born.

33. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. California’s Diverse Population Chinese Immigrants After news of the “mountain of gold” reached China, about 45,000 Chinese men went to California. Because of prejudice, they usually did not get high-paying jobs in the mines, only menial jobs. The Chinese worked hard building railroads, doing farm labor, cooking, and doing laundry. Free African Americans Several thousand free African Americans lived in California by 1850. They had their own businesses and churches, but they could not vote or serve on juries. Slavery did not take root in California because miners believed if you wanted to profit from gold you had to do the labor.

34. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Although there were gold and silver strikes in many states, few forty-niners struck it rich. Other miners gave up the drifting life and settled in the West for good. After the gold rush ended, many people kept searching for gold throughout the West.