1. Communal Experiments By: Alejandro Velasquez, Arleth Lagunas, Tali Papadakos, Jose Iglesias, Kayla Sarmiento (Period 4)

2. Utopian Communities ★ 1800’s-1900’s; communities popped up,came from Europe ★ A direct response to the Second Great Awakening ★ These communities were made to reform American society, and create a perfect environment ★ Examples: Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farms ★ Most of these groups believed in Millennialism, which was the belief that God was coming

3. Romanticism ❖ Started in Europe in 1800’s, focused on the art, beauty, and aesthetics ❖ In society this movement was mostly present in arts, music, and literature ❖ It focus on patriotism, loyalty, and allegiance ❖ Is not secular, but a little more removed from a religious point ❖ Inspires authors like Edgar Allan Poe, first great American writers

4. transcendentalism ➢ This group focused on divinity, individualism, and that God was the center of the universe ➢ Unlike Romanticism, Transcendentalism was more of a philosophy compared to the former ➢ It is about the growth and spreading of knowledge, more particularly spiritual, and divine knowledge

5. Shakers ➢ Branched off a quaker community ➢ shaker theology is based on the idea of dualism (the division of something conceptually into two opposed or contrasted aspects) of God as male and female. ➢ procreation was forbidden after they joined the society. Children were added to the community through adoption, indenture, or conversion. ➢ At the age of 21 girls and boys could choose to leave or stay with the Shakers. ➢ Shaker religion valued women and men equally in religious leadership. Their homes were segregated by sex along with their work areas. ➢ Preached their community knew no boundaries of gender, social class, or education.

6. Amana Colonies

7. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The AMERICAN SCHOLAR” ➢ Ralph Emerson was an American Philosopher who sparked new ideas in his time ➢ “The American Scholar” was based off of a lecture he gave encouraging American writers to be creative and find their own style opposed to imitating past writers ➢ He also acted as a mentor to Henry David Thoreau ➢ Ralph Waldo Emerson had intentions to explore the scholar as one function of the human being

8. HENRY DAVID THOREAU, “WALDEN ON CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE” ➢ Henry David was an American author and abolitionist ➢ Henry David went to Harvard College and soon after became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson ➢ Later on he was exposed to Transcendentalism ➢ His essay on civil disobedience was based off of a night that he spent in jail ➢ Thoreau came to know many of the many movement's leading figures, including Bronson Alcott and Margaret Fuller.c ➢ Thoreau and Emerson shared a key belief that each individual could transcend, or move beyond the physical world of the senses and into a deeper spiritual experience through free will and intuition.

9. Robert Owen and New Harmony Robert Owen was a British Industrialist. He was sensitive to social problems and yearned for the creation of a perfect society, so he purchased New Harmony He wanted the community to be free of individualism, exploitation, social tension, political corruption, social tension, and organized religion. People were interested, however Owen was more effective in promoting New Harmony than planning or running it. Owen turned to England to focus on other reform projects.

10. Oneida Community Started by John Humphrey Noyes All things were held in common Practiced “scientific reproduction” in hopes of “morally perfect” parents creating a superior class of people Oneida was well-planned, well-organized, and well-administered. Made a successful living growing fruit, and dealing with business and manufacturing. Surrounding communities did not approve of the Oneida lifestyle, threatened with legal action in 1879, and soon after the colony broke up.

11. Brook Farms The utopian socialism which had lasted for six years from 1841-1847 in Roxbury Massachusetts Brook Farm had been founded in 1841, which had been organized ny the Unitarian-Turned-Transcendentalist reverend George Ripley. The community had been founded to promote equality and education through the union of physical labor and Personal Self-improvement The Brook farm had later collapsed in debt after a building burned down.

12. Charles Fourier Charles Fourier was a socialists critique of Capitalism Fourier had been in favor of self-sufficient communities in which people had lived in land devoted to agriculture and Industry Fourier had this belief that it is possible to make all work into play with it being pleasurable, desirable and satisfying for the person in a mental and physical way. Fourier had been a feminist in which he believed that the acts that were put upon women was seen as some sort of slavery. With his beliefs, this led to the abolitioning of marriage, free unions based on love and sexual freedom.