1. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Depositional Sed Structures Most fundamental sed structures are beds and laminaeMost fundamental sed structures are beds and laminae Usually formed by changes in grain size, compositionUsually formed by changes in grain size, composition Bedding planes result from period on non-deposition or from erosionBedding planes result from period on non-deposition or from erosion Beds form within hrs/daysBeds form within hrs/days Laminations form almost instantaneously or over yearsLaminations form almost instantaneously or over years Schulumberger

2. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg b Sedimentary beds near Del Rio, TX

3. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Laminations, Moenkopi Fm, Lake Mead newterra.chemeketa.edu/.../sedrocktype.htm Laminations, Moenkopi Fm, Lake Mead newterra.chemeketa.edu/.../sedrocktype.htm newterra.chemeketa.edu/.../sedrocktype.htm newterra.chemeketa.edu/.../sedrocktype.htm

4. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Laminations, Monterey Formation Kurt A. Grimm (1), Daniel L. Orange Journal of Sedimentary Research Volume 67 (1997)Kurt A. Grimm (1), Daniel L. Orange Journal of Sedimentary Research Volume 67 (1997)

5. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Laminations composed of lighter sand and darker heavier minerals, Chinnai, India, New World Encylopedia

6. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Wedge bedding. Successive stack of erosive-based channels creates wedge-shape bedding cross-sections. higuai Formation, Inner Mongolia, China.

7. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Graded bedding. Graded bedding results from a rapid decrease in flow velocity that causes sediment to drop out of suspension. Larger particles settle fastest, therefore they accumulate at the bottom of the bed. Houcheng Formation, Jurassic, Hebei Province, China http://www.indiana.edu/~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_5/sedimentary_structures.htm

8. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Tabular cross-bedding. These steep foresets are typical of eolian deposition. Late Jurassic, Liaoning Province, China.

9. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Bed Response to Steady-state, Unidirectional, Water Flow FLOW REGIME CONCEPTFLOW REGIME CONCEPT –Consider variation in: Flow Velocity only Flume Experiments (med sand & 20 cm flow depth)Flume Experiments (med sand & 20 cm flow depth) –A particular flow velocity (after critical velocity of entrainment) produces –a particular bed configuration (Bed form) which in turn – produces a particular internal sedimentary structure. www.geology.wmich.edu/barnes/geos435/4b_G435.pps

10. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Bed Response to Steady-state, Unidirectional, Water Flow Consider Variation in Grain Size & Flow VelocityConsider Variation in Grain Size & Flow Velocity –for sand <~0.2mm:No Dunes –for sand ~0.2 to 0.8mmIdealized Flow Regime Sequence of Bed forms –for sand > 0.8:No ripples nor lower plane bed www.geology.wmich.edu/barnes/geos435/4b_G435.pps

11. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg

12. Toroweap Formation. The cross beds are sedimentary structures that represent the slip faces of ancient sand dunes. Thus, this specific layer in the Toroweap likely represents a sand dune. The Toroweap underlies the Kaibab Formation and is also late Early Permian in age (roughly 275 to 270 Ma).

13. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Wave Ripples. Cross-sectional view of ripple cross-laminated sandstone, showing bi- directional cross laminae indicative of a wave origin. Entrada Formation, Jurassic, San Rafael Swell, Utah

14. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Ripple Marks. A pile of eroded, rippled beds that all contain gorgeous ripple marks. If you click on nothing else, click to enlarge this one! Carmel Formation, Utah.

15. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Ripple Marks. Casts of wave ripples on the base of a sandstone bed. Cretaceous, Hebei Province, ChinaRipple Marks. Casts of wave ripples on the base of a sandstone bed. Cretaceous, Hebei Province, China

16. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Linguloid Ripples. These mud-draped ripples are linguloid in form, indicating shallow, rapid flow within the ripple stability field. Permian, Inner Mongolia, ChinaLinguloid Ripples. These mud-draped ripples are linguloid in form, indicating shallow, rapid flow within the ripple stability field. Permian, Inner Mongolia, China

17. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Herrigbone cross-stratification. Bi-directional cross beds such as these are indicative of a tidal origin. Curtis Formation, Jurassic, UtahHerrigbone cross-stratification. Bi-directional cross beds such as these are indicative of a tidal origin. Curtis Formation, Jurassic, Utah

18. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Climbing current ripples. Ripple foresets that "climb" on the backs of their predecessors are indicative of waning flow conditions and rapid sediment fallout, such that sediment drops out of suspension as fast as it can be molded into a bedform. Entrada Formation, Jurassic, Utah.

19. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Climbing current ripples and convolute lamination. The result of rapid sediment fallout is often instability due to liquefaction, leading to disruption of laminae by water escape. Such disruption is termed convolute lamination. Modern Colorado River, Utah.

20. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg beds, flame structures. Rapid sediment fallout from suspension often loads underlying fine-grained sediment to the point of failure, causing foundering of the overlying sediment and formation of structures termed flames (for obvious reasons!). Permian, Inyo County, California.beds, flame structures. Rapid sediment fallout from suspension often loads underlying fine-grained sediment to the point of failure, causing foundering of the overlying sediment and formation of structures termed flames (for obvious reasons!). Permian, Inyo County, California. http://zsylvester.blogspot.com/2007/09/flame-structures.html

21. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Flute casts. Flutes are caused by erosional eddies at the base of a turbulent flow. The deepest scour is on the upstream end of the flute, and the scours widen and become shallower downflow. Shiguai Formation, Inner Mongolia, China.

22. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Flute casts in Austin Glen turbidites, near Hannacroix, NY

23. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Groove Casts, base of a turbidite sandstone, Laga Basin, Italy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sole_markings

24. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Dessication cracks. Mudcracks can become very large, which may make them difficult to recognize in small outcrops. Person for scale. Jixian Formation, Proterozoic, China.

25. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Scour Pigeon Point Formation: An Upper Cretaceous Shoreline Succession, Central California Coast John H. Tyler Journal of Sedimentary ResearchVolume 42 (1972)

26. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Biogenic Structures Crossbedded and rippled sandstone with burrows at Point Lobos, California. Copyright © Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics Feeding trails and burrows as trace fossils in rock. Copyright © Bruce Molnia, Terra Photographics http://www.earthscienceworld.org/imag es/index.html

27. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Tubidite Sequence faculty.gg.uwyo.edu/

28. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Coarser Turbidite units dissappear with greater distance downflow http://faculty.gg.uwyo.edu/heller/Sed%20Strat %20Class/SedStrat%208/Lecture%208.html

29. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg http://faculty.gg.uwyo.e du/heller/Sed%20Strat %20Class/SedStrat%208 /McBride.htmlhttp://faculty.gg.uwyo.e du/heller/Sed%20Strat %20Class/SedStrat%208 /McBride.htmlhttp://faculty.gg.uwyo.e du/heller/Sed%20Strat %20Class/SedStrat%208 /McBride.htmlhttp://faculty.gg.uwyo.e du/heller/Sed%20Strat %20Class/SedStrat%208 /McBride.html

30. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg Turbidites Bouma sequence in Santa Paula. A Bouma Sequence is a succession consisting of five intervals, each characterized by a particluar sedimentary structure, which forms a turbidite. Copyright © Dr. Roger Slatt, University of OklahomaUniversity of Oklahoma http://www.earthscienceworld.org/imag es/index.html

31. http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/S edStruct/HiRes/WedgeBedding.jpg More Turbidites. Identify Sequence and Flow Regime http://sepmstrata.org/MARINESEDIMENTS/ClasticSlope/bouma.htm bouma-© 1998 by Hugo Ortner.jpg BOUMA-SEQUENCE (SCHLUMBERGER )