1. Cold Nuclear Matter Effects on J/  Yields in d+Au Collisions at PHENIX Matthew Wysocki, University of Colorado Hard Probes, Eilat, Israel, Oct 13, 2010 For the PHENIX Collaboration

2. Cold Nuclear Matter Effects 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 20102 In order to study the quark-gluon plasma, we need to understand the significant effects that occur in nuclear collisions without a hot medium, so-called cold nuclear matter effects. What goes on in the nucleus is interesting in its own right. Shadowing, anti-shadowing; gluon saturation at low x? J/ψ from p+A or d+A offer an important test of these effects. o g+g  J/ψ dominant process at RHIC Au d

3. 2003: d+Au @ PHENIX PHENIX previously measured the nuclear modification factor R dAu in d+Au collisions at sqrt(s NN ) = 200 GeV in 2003. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 20103 A. Adare et al., Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008) 02491 Bars = point-to-point uncorrelated uncertainties Boxes = point-to-point correlated uncertainties

4. Brand New Data! 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 20104 PHENIX recorded new higher-statistics p+p datasets in 2006 and 2008, and a new d+Au dataset in 2008. The d+Au data represents ~30x the J/ψ sample that was recorded during 2003 and used in previous PHENIX d+Au analyses. Provides a much better constraint on cold nuclear matter effects on the J/ψ with smaller uncertainties and finer binning. arXiv: 1010.1246, A. Adare et al. Longer paper in preparation.

5. The PHENIX Experiment 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 20105 deuteron y>0 gold ion y<0 MuTr and MuID detect J/ψ  at forward & backward rapidities. Drift Chamber, Pad Chamber, EMCal & RICH detect J/ψ  ee at mid-rapidity. Beam-Beam Counter used to measure centrality and collision z-position.

6. Nuclear modification of PDFs Nuclear PDFs are known to be modified in various x- ranges. Shadowing, anti-shadowing, EMC effect, etc. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 20106 Saturation? Fermi Motion anti-shadowing EMC effect shadowing x PHENIX probes three ranges of x in the gold nucleus, in both the shadowing and anti-shadowing regions, using detectors at: forward y, x~0.005 mid y, x~0.03 backward y, x~0.1 x2x2

7. dN/dy vs. rapidity 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 20107 Au d New invariant yields vs. rapidity for p+p and d+Au -Very small statistical uncertainties -d+Au is scaled by 1/N coll 200 GeV d+Au 200 GeV p+p

8. R dAu for minimum bias collisions 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 20108 Significant suppression at mid and forward rapidities. We compare these data to two model calculations… Bars = point-to-point uncorrelated uncertainties Boxes = point-to-point correlated uncertainties y R dAu (0-100%)

9. Calculation I 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 20109 R. Vogt calculated for PHENIX the J/ψ production from: o EPS09 nPDF with shadowing effects linear dependence on density-weighted longitudinal thickness  impact parameter dependence Fold the provided b dist. with PHENIX centrality dists. We compare to both the “best-fit” and maximum-variation EPS09 curves o Include  breakup to account for break-up of the cc ̅ pair while passing through the nucleus. EPS09 Eskola, Paukkunen, Salgado, JHEP04 (2009) 065

10. R dAu for minimum bias collisions 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201010 Reasonable agreement with EPS09 nuclear PDF +  br = 4 mb (red curves).  br is the only free parameter. Dashed lines are the maximum variation included in EPS09. EPS09, as published, is averaged over all b, so we would expect decent agreement with R dAu (0-100%).

11. Calculation II 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201011 Kharzeev and Tuchin, Nucl. Phys. A 770 (2006) 40, o Include gluon saturation at low x o Enhancement from double gluon exchange with nucleus

12. R dAu for minimum bias collisions 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201012 Good agreement at forward rapidity with gluon saturation model of Kharzeev and Tuchin, but deviates from the data quickly as y<1. We can break the data down further by dividing events into small and large impact parameter.

13. Centrality @ PHENIX 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201013 Use BBC charge divided into percentile bins of centrality to classify events. Then use simple Monte Carlo to map this to N coll or impact parameter. PHENIX currently uses four centrality bins for d+Au. PHENIX d+Au Centrality Classes Includes Glauber Au geometry, deuteron Hulthen wavefunction, event-to-event fluctuations, modeling of PHENIX BBC response and trigger bias, and final event selection. b

14. R dAu central and peripheral 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201014 As can be seen, models including a nuclear-modified PDF and a (fixed) break-up cross section are unable to reproduce the rapidity dependence of R dAu in central and peripheral events with the same  breakup. Gluon saturation again matches the forward rapidity points relatively well, but not mid-rapidity We can further reduce systematics by taking the ratio.

15. R CP vs. rapidity 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201015 R CP has the advantage of cancelling most of the systematic uncertainties. However, it should not be mistaken for R dAu (central), as R dAu (periph) deviates significantly from unity (ie. p+p).

16. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201016 To further examine the centrality and rapidity dependence of R dAu : 1.Start from a Glauber MC of the nucleon-nucleon hit positions. 2.Add a simple parameterization based on the longitudinal thickness of the gold nucleus.

17. p+Au Geometry 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201017 b p+Au impact parameter tells us exactly what we want to know, ie. the transverse radius of the N-N collision(s).

18. d+Au Geometry 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201018 For this event, there are three r T values (transverse radial positions for the struck gold nucleus nucleons). These are the values in the histograms to the right. b rTrT rTrT rTrT r T (fm) 0-20% Central 20-40% Central 40-60% Central 60-88% Central d+Au impact parameter is not as useful as in p+Au, since what we’re really interested in is the radial positions of all of the struck nucleons. Call it r T to differentiate.

19. d+Au Geometry 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201019 r T for each binary N-N collision in all events b rTrT rTrT rTrT r T (fm) 0-20% Central 20-40% Central 40-60% Central 60-88% Central

20. Calculating R dAu from R pA : An Example We can treat an R pA (b) as the modification for one N-N collision vs. r T. Converting R pA (b) to R dAu is quite straightforward: simply fold it with the r T dist. for a given centrality bin. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201020 As an example, let’s take R pA (b) from Kopeliovich et al., arxiv:1008.4272 Each of the 4 rapidities will produce an R dAu point.

21. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201021 Resulting curves (blue) are very similar to EPS09 shadowing +  breakup at y>0. It is interesting that the Kopeliovich et al. model of a completely coherent interaction gives almost identical results to the EPS09 + constant  breakup. What does this mean?

22. Quantifying the Modification 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201022 R dAu (0-100%) tells us the average modification of J/ψ from d+Au. R CP tells us the relative difference in modification between the thickest part of the nuclear pancake and the thinnest. We can combine the average and relative measurements to examine how the absolute modification varies with nuclear longitudinal thickness.

23. Longitudinal Thickness  Modification 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201023 Use Woods-Saxon for  (z,r T ) Several simple modification functions using  : Take CNM effects to depend on the nuclear geometry via density-weighted longitudinal thickness, , of the nucleus, as in Klein and Vogt, nucl-th/0305046. Exponential is usually used for cc ̅ break-up, while the linear case has been used for parameterizing nPDFs as a function of impact parameter (eg. EPS09).

24. R dAu from geometric modification 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201024 Modification as function of nuclear thickness and a free parameter, a r T dist. of nucleon-nucleon collisions from PHENIX centrality MC Given the r T -distribution of NN collisions and the r T -dependent modification, it is simple to calculate R dAu for any centrality bin: At a fundamental level, we want to study how the modification turns on with centrality.

25. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201025 a=0 a=a 1 a=a 2 For any value of a, we can put a point in the R CP (a) - R dAu (a) plane. As we vary a, we map out one curve for each of our three modification functions M(r T ). Any model using a particular M(r T ) must follow that curve. Use R dAu (0-100%) for the x- axis. This is the overall level of modification averaged across impact parameters. Use R CP as y-axis. This is relative modification between central & peripheral.

26. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201026 Now add the d+Au data points. Backward and mid-rapidity points agree within uncertainties for the three cases presented here. Ellipses = the point-to-point correlated systematics on R dAu and R CP

27. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201027 However, the forward rapidity points require the suppression to be stronger than exponential or linear with the thickness. This is reflected by the inability of an EPS09(linear) +  br (exponential) to reproduce the R dAu in both central and peripheral. The only extra model dependence is the PHENIX centrality calculation, which is included in the systematics on the data.

28. The Future 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201028 What does this mean going forward? We believe that folding with the r T distribution is the optimal way to map the theoretical calculations to the experimental data. Additionally, it is increasingly important that models be tested against the full rapidity and centrality range of the data.

29. Summary 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201029 PHENIX has new d+Au  J/ψ results with much better statistical precision. o Letter with rapidity and centrality distributions submitted to arxiv and PRL. o Longer paper in preparation. EPS09 +  breakup cannot reproduce the rapidity- and centrality- dependent R dAu and R CP when EPS09 centrality dependence comes from linear dependence on longitudinal thickness . The rate of suppression turn-on requires modification stronger than linear or exponential w/ density-weighted longitudinal thickness.

30. Backup 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201030

31. Linear Example 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201031 The R dAu (a) for any centrality bin is generated simply by folding M(r T ) with the r T distribution for a given centrality bin. R CP is simply the ratio of two centrality bins.

32. 10/13/10M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 201032 12/26/201532 d-Au collision b = event impact parameter r T (1) Sometimes only one nucleon from the deuteron hits the Au nucleus. 62%  Peripheral 60-88% 37%  Mid-Peripheral 40-60% 20%  Mid-Central 20-40% 7%  Central 0-20% We can actually measure this if the missed nucleon is a neutron (in the PHENIX ZDCs)

33. 10/13/1033 What about event-to-event fluctuations in  (r T )? r T (1) For each binary collision at rT, count the number of other nucleons in the nucleus inside the tube defined by rT ± 2 x 0.877 fm In this example, the Ntube = 6. Perhaps the nuclear modification is related not to the average thickness L(rT), but instead the fluctuating quantity related to Ntube defined above. M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 2010

34. 10/13/1034 In the Linear Modification Case, these fluctuations around the average will not matter. Not exactly true for the non-linear cases. Also, the difference of the blue solid and dashed raises the question of how localized in rT is the effect (blurred over the size of a nucleon?). Black – TProfile(“RMS”) Blue Solid =  (rT) scaled Blue Dashed = L(rT) blurred over ± 2 x 0.877 fm around rT M. Wysocki - Hard Probes 2010