1. C ONFEDERATION A United Canada

2. U NITED C ANADA In the 1860s, the British colonies in North American faced many problems Confederation was a solution to their problems Think about it: How could Confederation solve the problems the colonies were facing?

3. C ONFEDERATION Confederation: the joining together of the colonies to form one country

4. C ONFEDERATION T IME L INE 1858 Galt, Cartier, Ross go to Britain to present idea of Confederation 1864Great Coalition 1864Charlottetown Conference 1865Quebec Conference (72 Resolutions) 1866Annexation Bill 1866-1867London Conference July 1, 1867British North America passed ! Canada created 1870Manitoba & N.W.T. join 1871B.C. joins 1873P.E.I. joins 1898Yukon joins 1905Alberta and Saskatchewan join 1949Newfoundland joins 1999Nunavut joins

5. 1860 S British colonies faced many problems that they hoped would be solved with a union, or confederation Problems: 1. Deadlock 2. American invasion 3. Trade 4. British attitude towards the colony 5. Railway 6. Lack of farm land

6. 1861-1864 R EASON 1: C ONFLICT & D EADLOCK Canada East and Canada West were not getting along The two colonies were split by language and religion By 1861 Canada West had 500 000 more people than Canada East but each had equal power in government Rep by Pop became a slogan. This meant that the number of seats and therefore power was determined by size of population Think about it: Who had the most to lose if government representation was by population?

7. P OLITICAL D IVISIONS John A. Macdonald (Liberal – Conservative Party) George Brown (Reform Party George-Etienne Cartier (Parti Bleu) Antoine Aime Dorion (Parti Rouge) Canada WestCanada East

8. T HE G REAT C OALITION George Brown (centre) offered to set aside differences to form a Coalition Government to bring about confederation He joined John A. Macdonald’s government

9. R EASON 2: I NVASION The threat of annexation by the USA worried many people Relations between the colonies and the USA had been poor since the USA won its independence from Britain It got worse when Britain supported the south in the civil war It was made worse again when the USA passed a bill known as the Annexation Bill*, this bill allowed for Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Canada East and West to become part of the USA It was never made into law but it made Canadians uneasy *Annexation is when a country expands to include a new area

10. V OLUNTEER TROOPS IN O NTARIO IN 1862 The militia grew as Canadian became aware of the need to defend themselves against the USA

11. F ENIAN R AIDS The Fenians were Irish Americans who invaded Canada in 1866 They invaded Canada to put pressure on the British to leave Ireland They were never a real threat but made it clear that Canada needed a united army Think about it: what would a united army provide?

13. R EASON 3: T RADE In the early 1800s Canada was given certain bonuses to trade with Britain since it was a colony In 1846 Britain stopped giving Canada this support Canada now had to sign a trade deal with the USA In 1865 this deal expired and since the two countries weren’t getting along it was not likely it would be renewed Because the USA wouldn’t renew the deal Canada had to look to trade with each other

14. R EASON 4: Britain’s attitude towards Canada had changed Britain wanted to make money having Canada as a colony not to spend money on Canada Britain decided that it was time to cut many of their ties with Britain and cut Canada free

15. R EASON 5: R AILWAY Before Confederation all the colonies had started their own railway Some such as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia had gone bankrupt before it was done Confederation would mean that the government would provide the money to finish railways and construct a railway coast to coast Railways also improved trade and transportation

16. R EASON 6: F ARM L AND Canada West needed to expand Good farm land that could support successful farming was necessary Canadians were looking to Rupert’s land (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) Unfortunately, so were the Americans!

17. T ALKING P OINTS : C HARLOTTETOWN In the early 1860s Nova Scotia, P.E.I and New Brunswick had decided to form their own union Canada East and Canada West decided to attend one of their meetings and present the idea of Confederation In September, 1864 they all meet in Charlottetown, P.E.I and the idea of Confederation is met with enthusiasm A second conference is planned for the next month in Quebec

18. T ALKING POINTS : Q UEBEC Delegates meet in Quebec and come up with the 72 Resolutions The 72 Resolutions specifies what Confederation would look like The list of 72 Resolutions was brought back to their colonies for review and discussion

19. 72 R ESOLUTIONS : T HE K EY 7 1. Strong central government to handle common matters such as defence and economic development 2. The central government made laws relating to “peace, order and good government” 3. Provinces had defined powers to handle local matters, social and cultural issues 4. Ontario and Quebec would be created 5. Parliament would be made up of House of Commons and Senate 6. Representation by Population 7. Senate appointed by Governor General

20. L ONDON C ONFERENCE Queen Victoria signed the British North America Act and Canada was created The new Canada had four provinces Ontario (formerly Canada West) Quebec (formerly Canada East) Nova Scotia New Brunswick Sir John A. Macdonald passed a Canadian Constitution and he actually wrote most of it himself

22. G OVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITIES AFTER CONFEDERATION Banking and money Navigation and shipping First Nations Defence Criminal law Education Health and medicine Forestry and other resources Property right (laws relating to land) Roads FederalProvincial

23. F ATHERS OF CONFEDERATION John A. Macdonald Emigrated from Scotland Lawyer & politician Leading role in Confederation Author of the 72 Resolutions and our Constitution George Etienne-Cartier Travelled to London to meet with Queen about possibility of Confederation Became Macdonald’s most senior member

24. T EN Q UESTIONS A NSWERED ABOUT S IR J OHN A. M ACDONALD http://sirjohnaday.com/#videos

25. M ORE …. Born in Ireland Lived in the USA before returning to Canada At first supported US annexation of Canada but changed mind Poet and politician Assassinated by a Fenian Born in Scotland Started The Globe paper in Toronto Force behind the Great Coalition Shot and killed by a former employee Thomas D’Arcy McGeeGeorge Brown

26. A ND MORE … Born in England Minister of Finance Strong supporter of Confederation Born in Nova Scotia Doctor Premier of Nova Scotia Most Nova Scotians did not like the 72 Resolutions but he got them passed Prime Minister in 1896 for 69 days Alexander GaltCharles Tupper

27. A ND YET ONE MORE … Born in New Brunswick Pharmacist He suggested the name the Dominion of Canada Samuel Tilley The Fathers of Confederation

28. A CONVERSATION WITH MACDONALD http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtxoXxjskOg& feature=related