1. KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta Seeds
Subphylum Spermopsida
Seeds ‘naked’
Seeds enclosed
Class Angiospermidia
Class Gymnospermidia
Sub Class Magnoliopsida
DICOTS
Sub Class Liliopsida
MONOCOTS

2. Subphylum Spermopsida
(seed bearing plants)
True roots (with vascular tissue)
Reproduction without water (evolved flower)
Protective covering around embryo (seed) – can survive winter
Improved conducting tissue: thicker and stronger xylem. Became taller.

3. Class Angiospermidia ‘enclosed seeds’ (flowering plants)
Evolved (from a Gingko like tree) approximately 135 million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA.
,000 to 300,000 species (90% of Kingdom Plantae)
3. Ubiquitous (found everywhere)
4. Not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This greatly increased their chances of survival.

4. 5. Made improvements in reproduction to occupy areas vacated by the ferns. Adapted to more moderate climates.
~        Made improvements to occupy areas vacated by the ferns by adapting to more moderate climates; the main improvements were in the area of reproduction.
Flowering plants are not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This increased their chances of survival

9. PISTIL (female) is made up of:
Stigma – sticky and ‘catches’ pollen
Style – carries pollen to the ovary
Ovary – contains the eggs.
Ovule – surrounds the eggs
STAMEN (male) is made up of:
Anthers – produce pollen
Filament – raises anthers in the air

11. 6. Seeds borne within a carpel
Protection: a leaf like structure that encloses the seed.
7. Pollen on a simple stamen:
Small amount of pollen as compared to conifers.
Less energy required.
More energy is in the flower to ensure precise cross-pollination.

12. 8. ACCESSORY ORGANS: function in attracting the ‘VECTOR’ (pollinator/ seed distributor) with colour, odor and nectar.
Petal: brightly coloured to attract vector
Sepal: ‘leaves’; protects flower when it’s closed up
Receptacle: releases odour
Nectar: found at the base of the ovary

13. 9. Leaves: reticulate or parallel venation
11. More developed vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

14. 10. Specialized pollen:
The pollen grain is very specific to the female stigma (lock and key). Prevents inbreeding.
The pollen grain also has enzymes to digest into the style and ovary.

15. Allergenic Pollen (poplar, alder, timothy grass, ragweed, sagebrush, scotchbroom)

16. 11. Double fertilization:
a) 1 pollen grain (sperm) fertilizes the egg to form a zygote becomes an embryo
b) Another pollen grain fertilizes a polar nuclei endosperm (food for the zygote)
Double fertilization

17. FERTILIZATION
A specific pollen lands on the stigma and grows a pollen tube to the ovary.
One sperm (gametophyte) will fertilize the egg (gametophyte) to form a zygote.
After fertilization, the zygote will grow to form an embryo.
A 2nd sperm fertilizes a diploid ENDOSPERM cell and this becomes triploid (3N).
It grows rapidly, fills the ovule (which surrounds the embryo) and eventually becomes the SEED.

19. In most plants the seed develops inside the original ovary of the flower.
The seed is covered by the old ovary which grows and becomes the fruit.
The fruit attracts animals which will eat it and then distribute the seeds in their feces.
ZYGOTE EMBRYO
OVULE SEED
OVARY FRUIT
The number of seeds in a fruit depends on how many flower ovules were fertilized. This depends on how many pollen grains landed on each pistil.

26. LIFE CYCLE ANIMATION

27. POLLINATORS
                              

28. SEED DISPERSAL

30. USES Remove CO2 and add O2 to atmosphere
ALL the food we eat (except that which we have already mentioned) including MEAT.
The majority of our medicines
Some are poisonous (rosary bean and castor bean)
Beauty and inspiration
the most insidious plant toxins affecting people are lectins, extremely poisonous proteins including ricin from the seeds of castor bean (Ricinus communis) and abrin from the seeds of rosary bean (Abrus precatorius). Of course, their degree of toxicity depends on how they are administered. It has been estimated that gram for gram, ricin is 6,000 times more poisonous than cyanide and 12,000 times more poisonous than rattlesnake venom. A dose of ricin weighing only two millionths of an ounce (roughly equivalent to the weight of a single grain of table salt from a salt shaker) is enough to kill a 160 pound person.
Drugs
Paper and clothes
Building materials (birch, maple, oak)

31. MONOCOTS Sub-Class Liliopsida
Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae, Liliidae (and Zingiberidae)
For example: Coconut, Corn, Onion, Sourgrass

34. Monocots (ie: grass, grains, onions, lilies, tulips…)
One seed cotelydon
Germinates and puts off 1 leaf
Has a parallel vein pattern
Mostly annuals (grow 1 year and die)
All are Herbaceous (non-woody)
Also:
Scattered vascular bundles in the stem
Fibrous root system

36. Order Alismatidae
Arrowhead

37. Order Arecidae
Palm Trees
Philodendron

38. Order Commelinidae
Spiderwort
Rush
Sedge
Grass

39. Bur-reed
Cat tail

40. Order Zingiberidae
Pineapple

41. Order Liliidae
Orchid
Iris
Lily

42. Sub-Class Magnoliopsida
DICOTS
Sub-Class Magnoliopsida
Asteridae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Hamamelidae, Magnoliidae, Rosidae
For example: Apple, Cinnamon, Daisy, Marijuana, Oak, Spinach.

43. Dicots (ie: rose, apple trees…)
Two seed cotelydons
Germinates and puts off 2 leaves
Has a netted vein pattern
Contains annuals, bi-annuals (2 years), perennials (every year)
Herbaceous & woody forms
Also:
Vascular bundles in a ring in the stem
Taproot system

45. Order Magnoliidae Magnolia Tree Poppy Water lily Buttercup Poppy

46. Order Hamamelidae
Elm Tree
Birch Tree
Oak Tree

47. Order Caryophyllidae
Cactus
Buckwheat
Pinks

48. Order Dilleniidae Pitcher plant Mallow, hibiscus…
Sundew, venus fly trap
Some herbs

51. Catkins: Willow, Aspen, & Cottonwood trees
Mustard plant
Rhododendron
Catkins: Willow, Aspen, & Cottonwood trees

52. Order Rosidae
Rose hips
Stone crop
Geraniums

53. Mistletoe: a parasite on trees and shrubs
Evening Primrose
Mistletoe: a parasite on trees and shrubs
Legumes
Carrots, parsley

54. Grape
Virginia Creeper
Poison Ivy
Maple trees

55. Order Asteridae
Milkweed
Snapdragon
Nightshade (potatoe)

56. Daisy
Gentian
Olive
Morning Glory

57. BOTANICAL RECORD BREAKERS
CHECK IT OUT!
BOTANICAL RECORD BREAKERS
(ie: smallest flowering plant)
Wolffia plants also produce the world's smallest flower, a bouquet of one dozen plants will easily fit on the head of a pin and two Wolffia angusta plants in full bloom will fit inside a small printed letter "o" on this page.
the undisputed world's smallest flowering plants belong to the genus Wolffia, minute rootless plants that float at the surface of quiet streams and ponds
If a water molecule is represented by 100, then a wolffia plant is about 1020 power larger than the water molecule. The earth is about 1020 power larger than a wolffia plant, or 1040 power larger than the water molecule.

58. Table Of Contents:
 1.   The World's Oldest Living Thing  2.   The World's Oldest Living Fossil  3.   The World's Most Massive Living Thing  4.   The World's Tallest Tree  5.   The World's Hardest & Heaviest Wood  6.   The World's Smallest Flowering Plant  7.   The World's Smallest And Largest Fruit  8.   The World's Largest Vegetable  9.   The World's Smallest And Largest Seed 10.  Longest Distance Traveled By Drift Seed 11.  World's Fastest Reproducing Plants 12.  The World's Fastest Growing Plants 13.  The World's Deadliest Plants 14.  Most Painful Botanical Encounters 15.  World's Most Valuable Plant Jewels 16.  Go To Diversity Of Flowering Plants