1. HOW DO I IDENTIFY A NUTRIENT DISORDER? Question 5:

2. Principal Plant Constituents Element % dry wt C45% O45% H6% C, H, O are derived from water and carbon dioxide comprise >95% of plant dry plant mass

3. Primary and Secondary Macronutrients Nutrient % dry wt. N1.5% P0.2% K1.0% Ca0.5% Mg0.2% S0.1% Primary Secondary Derived primarily from soil solution

4. Micronutrients Micronutrient mg/kg dry wt Cl100 Fe100 B20 Mn50 Zn20 Cu6 Mo0.1 Ni???

5. Tissue levels of essential nutrients 95% Nickel

6. Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms The location of the deficiency symptom is related to nutrient mobility in the plant Mobile Nutrients: N, P, K, Mg, and. Symptoms occur in older leaves Immobile Nutrients: Fe, B, Mn, Cu, Ca, S and Zn. Symptoms occur in younger leaves

7. Diagnosing Can Be Difficult ….SYMPTOMS…. May be caused by more than one nutrient May be caused by more than one nutrient Caused by excess of another (induced deficiency; toxicity) Caused by excess of another (induced deficiency; toxicity) http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/ quickref/fertilizer/nutri_def.html http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/ quickref/fertilizer/nutri_def.html http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/ quickref/fertilizer/nutri_def.html http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/ quickref/fertilizer/nutri_def.html Often similar to effects of disease, herbicide damage Often similar to effects of disease, herbicide damage May be caused by environmental or physical factors (e.g. root damage, low temps) May be caused by environmental or physical factors (e.g. root damage, low temps)

8. chlorosis Interveinal chlorosis Necrosis Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms

10. Guide Provided by the International Plant Nutrition Institute

12. Nitrogen Deficiency Phosphorus DeficiencyPotassium Deficiency

13. A nutrient must usually be in an ionized state before it can be assimilated by plants (must lose or gain and electron or have a charge) 1. Anion (negative charge): nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, chloride 2. Cation (positive charge): ammonium, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe Boron (B) is an exception. Form being assimilated by plants H 3 BO 3

14. Element Form Available to Plants MobilityFunctions Deficiency Symptoms soilplant Nitrogen (N) NH 4 +, NO 3 - YES Amino acids and Chlorophyll synthesis Chlorosis of older leaves that starts at tip and move along the middle of the leaves Phosphorus (P) HPO4 -2, H 2 PO4 - NOYESEnergy, lipids component Stunted growth, purpling of leaves, small-dark green leaves Potassium (K)K+K+ NOYESStomatal regulation, enzyme cofactor Chlorosis and necrosis of leaf edges, white spots on leaf edges Sulfur (S)SO 4 -2 YESNOAmino acids and enzymes production Interveinal chlorosis on young leaves (monocot plant) Calcium (Ca)Ca +2 NO Cell wall component, enzyme cofactor, stimuli Stunted growth, no root elongation, damage/disorders in storage tissues and terminal buds

15. Element Form Available to Plants MobilityFunction Deficiency Symptom soilplant Magnesium (Mg) Mg +2 NOYESChlorophyll component, enzyme cofactor Interveinal chlorosis on old leaves (pale yellow), necrosis Iron (Fe)Fe 2+, Fe 3+ NO Enzyme component, e- transport, constituent of proteins, chlorophyll synthesis and component Interveinal chlorosis on young leaves, stunted growth Zinc (Zn)Zn 2+ NO Enzymes component, synthesis of chlorophyll Yellow/white broad band on new leaves, rosette Copper (Cu)Cu 2+ NO Enzymes & proteins (plastocyanin) component, e- transport Chlorosis of young leaves, tips of leaves withered, curling of young leaves

16. Element Form Available to Plants MobilityFunctions Deficiency Symptoms soilplant Manganese (Mn) Mn +2 NO Component of water splitting complex, involve in e-transport and oxidation and reduction system, Interveinal chlorosis, yellow speckles on leaves Nickel (Ni) Ni +2 YES? Component of enzyme urease and hydrogenase Rosette, necrosis of leaf tip, dwarfing of foliage

17. Element Form Available to Plants MobilityFunctions Deficiency Symptoms soilplant Chloride (Cl) Cl - YES Leaf turgor, stomatal regulation Leaf edges roll up, chlorosis (speckles- like), leaves are wilting Molybdenum (Mo) MoO 4 2- YES? Components of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase enzymes Chlorosis in younger leaves (smear-like), pale cupped/deformed leaves Boron (B) H 3 BO 3 YESNOSeed and cell wall formation, sugar translocation, germination of pollen, growth of pollen tubes Growing points die and decay, thickened curled chlorotic/necrotic leaves

18. Need More Nutrition Information? Take Dr. Brenda Tubana’s Soil Fertility Courses – AGRO 4052 Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management – AGRO 7051 Advance Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition – AGRO 7052 Micronutrients in Soils and Crops Online Books…. http://freetechebooks.com/doc-2011/soil-fertility- pdf.html