1. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-1 Invitation To Psychology Carol Wade and Carol Tavris PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community College-Omaha

2. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-2 Psychological Disorders

3. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-3 Psychological Disorders Defining and Diagnosing Disorder Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Personality Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder Drug Abuse and Addiction Schizophrenia

4. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-4 Defining and Diagnosing Disorder

5. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-5 Defining and Diagnosing Disorder Dilemmas of Definition Diagnosis: Art or Science?

6. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-6 Dilemmas of Definition Possible Models for Defining Disorders: –Mental disorder as a violation of cultural standards. –Mental disorder as maladaptive or harmful behavior. –Mental disorder as emotional distress. Mental Disorder: –Any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering or worry, is self-defeating or self-destructive, or is maladaptive and disrupts the person’s relationships or the larger community.

7. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-7 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Axis I: Clinical Syndromes Axis II: Personality Disorders Axis III: General Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Conditions Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale

8. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-8 Concerns About Diagnostic System The danger of overdiagnosis The power of diagnostic labels Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems The illusion of objectivity

9. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-9 Projective Tests Projective Tests: –Psychological tests used to infer a person’s motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretations of ambiguous stimuli.

10. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-10 Projective Tests Rorschach Inkblot Test: –A projective personality test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots. A sample inkblot

11. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-11 Objective Tests Inventories: –Standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): –A widely used objective personality test.

12. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-12 Anxiety Disorders

13. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-13 Anxiety Disorders Anxiety and Panic Fears and Phobias Obsessions and Compulsions

14. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-14 Anxiety and Panic Generalized Anxiety Disorder: –A continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension. Panic Disorder: –An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness.

15. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-15 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): –An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life- threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the the trauma, and increased physiological arousal.

16. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-16 Fears and Phobias Phobia: An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object.

17. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-17 Obsessions and Compulsions Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): –An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety.

18. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-18 Mood Disorders

19. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-19 Mood Disorders Depression and Bipolar Disorder Theories of Depression

20. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-20 Depression Major Depression: –A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite).

21. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-21 Symptoms of Depression Depressed mood Reduced interest in almost all activities Significant weight gain or loss, without dieting Sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep) Change in motor activity (too much or too little) Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Reduced ability to think or concentrate Recurrent thoughts of death DSM IV Requires 5 of these within the past 2 weeks

22. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-22 Gender, Age, and Depression Women are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression. –True around the world After age 65, rates of depression drop sharply in both sexes.

23. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-23 Theories of Depression Biological explanations emphasize genetics and brain chemistry. Social explanations emphasize the stressful circumstances of people’s lives. Attachment explanations emphasize problems with close relationships.

24. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-24 Theories of Depression Cognitive explanations emphasize particular habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events. “Vulnerability-Stress” explanations draw on all four explanations described above.

25. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-25 Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder: –A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur.

26. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-26 Personality Disorders

27. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-27 Personality Disorders Problem Personalities Antisocial Personality Disorder

28. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-28 Problem Personalities Personality Disorder: –Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: –A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption. Paranoid Personality Disorder: –A disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy.

29. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-29 Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD): –A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy. –Sometimes called psychopathy or sociopathy.

30. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-30 Emotions and Antisocial Personality Disorder People with APD were slow to develop classically conditioned responses to anger, pain, or shock. Such responses indicate normal anxiety.

31. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-31 Dissociative Identity Disorder

32. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-32 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders: –Conditions in which consciousness or identity is split or altered. Dissociative Identity Disorder: –A controversial disorder marked by the appearance within on person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; commonly known as “Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD).”

33. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-33 Flaws in MPD Diagnosis Flaws in Underlying Research Pressure and Suggestions by Clinicians Influence of the Media

34. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-34 Drug Abuse and Addiction

35. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-35 Drug Abuse and Addiction Biology and Addiction Learning, Culture, and Addiction Debating the Causes of Addiction

36. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-36 Biology and Addiction Some people have a biological vulnerability to addiction. This may be due to their metabolism, biochemistry, or personality traits.

37. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-37 Biology and Addiction Heavy drug abuse also changes the brain in ways that make addiction more likely

38. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-38 Learning, Culture, and Addiction Addiction patterns vary according to cultural practices and the social environment. Policies of total abstinence tend to increase addiction rates rather than reduce them. Not all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug. Addiction does not depend on the properties of the drug alone, but also on the reason for taking it.

39. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-39 Drugs and Vietnam Veterans US Soldiers who tested “drug positive” in Vietnam showed a dramatic drop in drug use when they returned to civilian life. This contradicts what the biomedical model of addiction would predict.

40. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-40 Debating the Causes of Addiction Problems with drugs are more likely when: –A person has a physiological vulnerability to a drug. –A person believes she or he has no control over the drug. –Laws or customs encourage people to take the drug in binges, and moderate use is neither tolerated nor taught. –A person comes to rely on a drug as a method of coping with problems, suppressing anger or fear, or relieving pain. –Members of a person’s peer group use drugs or drink heavily, forcing the person to choose between using drugs or losing friends.

41. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-41 Schizophrenia

42. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-42 Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Theories of Schizophrenia

43. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-43 Symptoms of Schizophrenia Bizarre Delusions Hallucinations and Heightened Sensory Awareness Disorganized, Incoherent Speech Grossly Disorganized and Inappropriate Behavior

44. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-44 Delusions and Hallucinations Delusions: –False beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Hallucinations: –Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation.

45. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-45 Positive and Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms –Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral excesses Examples of Positive Symptoms –Hallucinations –Bizarre Delusions –Incoherent Speech –Inappropriate/Disorganized Behaviors

46. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-46 Positive and Negative Symptoms Negative Symptoms –Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits Examples of Negative Symptoms –Loss of Motivation –Emotional Flatness –Social Withdrawal –Slowed speech or no speech

47. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-47 Theories of Schizophrenia Genetic predispositions Structural brain abnormalities Neurotransmitter abnormalities

48. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-48 Theories of Schizophrenia Prenatal abnormalities Adolescent abnormalities in brain development MRI scans show that a person with Schizophrenia (left) is more likely than a healthy person (right) to have enlarged ventricles.

49. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 11-49 Genetic Vulnerability to Schizophrenia The risk of developing schizophrenia (i.e., prevalence) in one’s lifetime increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases.