1. An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM), Global-Regional-Coastal-Estuarine Applications Robert C. Beardsley, Changsheng Chen and Geoffrey Cowles http://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu

2. Outline 1.Introduction to FVCOM 2.Multiscale applications 3.Northeastern Regional Association of Coastal Ocean Observing Systems (NERACOOS) - Northeast Coastal Ocean Forecast System (NECOFS) - Inundation Pilot Study (with NWS) (Scituate, MA; Saco, ME) - Water Quality (DO) (Long Island Sound) - Observing system design experiments 4.Recent FVCOM developments 5.NECOFS needs 6.Summary

3. Critical Issues in Coastal Ocean Modeling Irregular geometry Intertidal wetlands Steep topography Mass Conservation ?

4. FEMFVM Finite-Difference, Finite-Element and Finite-Volume Methods (FDM, FEM, FVM) FDM i+1i xx DifferenceVariation Integration

5. FVCOM: Unstructured-grid, Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (Chen, C. R. H. Liu and R. C. Beardsley, JAOT, 2003) All variables are computed in the integral form of the equations, which provides a better representation of the conservative laws of mass, momentum and heat in the coastal region with complex geometry. The numerical computational domain consists of non-overlapping unstructured cells. Combines the best from the finite- element method for the geometric flexibility and finite difference method for the simplest discrete computation. Both current and tracer remain the second-order accuracy. u,vu,v u,vu,v u,vu,v u,vu,v u,vu,v u,vu,v F F F F FF F y u,vu,v u,vu,vu,vu,v u,vu,v

6. Upgrading: non-hydrostatic version and semi-implicit version

8. Pan-Arctic Ocean FVCOM In the region where the mean water is deeper or equal to 100 m, 10 same thickness layers in the upper 30 m (with a layer thickness from 2 to 5 m) and 5 same thickness layers in the lower 25 m above the bottom. Driven by the OMIP-Forcing-the sixth version and the model starts run at January 1 with the wintertime fields of water temperature and salinity. The water temperature and salinity data were from polar science center Hydrographic Climatology (PHC) version 3.0. The region north of 65 o N is covered by the ice with a thickness of 2.5 m everywhere at initial

9. Horizontal resolution: 0.3-1.0 km in the coastal region; Generalized terrain-following coordinates: 46 layers: 10 uniform layers in the surface and bottom boundary layers, respectively. 1500 m cutoff off Georges Bank Capable to nest to the coasta-estuarine model with a horizontal resolution of ~10 -500 m;

10. Penobscot Bay

12. Boston harbor area

17. Northeast Coastal Ocean Forecast System (NECOFS)

18. GroupModelSourceNestingOutput Online Stony Brook UWRF- ARW 1 32-km NAM 1-deg NOGAPS1- deg CMC0.5 deg GFS 32-km 12-km (R) 4-km (NAM member) 2-day@ 1-hr 1.5-day for 4-km Basic, ASF, RF Y Stony Brook UMM5Same as WRF- ARW 32-km 12-km (R) 4-km (NAM member) 2-day@ 1-hr 1.5-day for 4-km Basic, ASF, RF Y UMassDMM532-km NAM30 km 10-km (R) 3-day@ 3-hr Basic, ASF, RF Y UMassDWRF- ARW 1 same32-km 9-km (R) 3-km (L) 3-day@ 3-hr Basic, ASF, RF Y UNH-AERARW- WRF 1 32-km NAM27-km 9-km (R) 3-km (L) 2-day @ 6-hr Basic, ASF, RF Y3Y3 UMaine-12-km NAM-2-day@ 6-hr Basic, ASF 2 Y URLs: Stony Brook U: http://atmos.msrc.sunysb.edu/mm5rthttp://atmos.msrc.sunysb.edu/mm5rt Stony Brook U: http://chaos.msrc.sunysb.edu/NEUS/nwp_graphics.htmlhttp://chaos.msrc.sunysb.edu/NEUS/nwp_graphics.html UMassD: http://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu/research_projects/GB/mm5/index.htmlhttp://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu/research_projects/GB/mm5/index.html UMassD: http://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu/research_projects/GB/WRF/index.htmlhttp://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu/research_projects/GB/WRF/index.html UNH-AER: http://www.jcoot.unh.edu/forecasts/forecasts.htmlhttp://www.jcoot.unh.edu/forecasts/forecasts.html UMaine: - http://www.gomoos.org/http://www.gomoos.org/ NE Weather Models being used to drive ocean models

19. Regional Domain: 9 km Large domain: 27 km Domain 1 Domain 2 Domain 3 Local domain: 3 km Hindcast

20. NECOFS Model Flow Diagram: 1.0 Stage: 1 (midnight) Crontab starts NECOFS wrf forecast data wrf hindcast data fvcom data (results) river data sst data Day# -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10123 Day 0 ~ now Current Process 1: 2: 3: (Previous Hindcast) (Previous Forecast)

21. NECOFS Model Flow Diagram: 1.0 Stage: 2 (midnight) Update River Data wrf forecast data wrf hindcast data fvcom data (results) river data sst data (Previous Forecast) Day# -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10123 Current Process 1: Download USGS data and update data file 2: 3: (Previous Hindcast)

22. NECOFS Model Flow Diagram: 1.0 Stage: 3 (00:10) Update SST Data wrf forecast data wrf hindcast data fvcom data (results) river data sst data Day# -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10123 Current Process 1: Download JPL SST and update OI assim 2: 3: S 2 (Previous Forecast) (Previous Hindcast) Latest available SST data is already several days old

23. NECOFS Model Flow Diagram: 1.0 Stage: 4 (00:15) Run WRF wrf forecast data wrf hindcast data fvcom data (results) river data sst data Day# -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10123 Current Process 1: WRF Forecast 2: WRF Hindcast 3: S 2 S 3 Continuous WRF data archive is automatically updated with new results (Previous Hindcast) (Previous Forecast)

24. NECOFS Model Flow Diagram: 1.0 Stage: 5 (08:00) Start FVCOM hindcast wrf forecast data wrf hindcast data fvcom data (results) river data sst data Day# -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10123 Current Process 1: WRF Forecast 2: FVCOM Hindcast 3: S 2 S 3 FVCOM overwrites old results updating time period of new WRF data. S 4 (Still running) (Previous Hindcast) (Previous Forecast)

25. NECOFS Model Flow Diagram: 1.0 Stage: 6 (11:00) Start FVCOM Forecast wrf forecast data wrf hindcast data fvcom data (results) river data sst data Day# -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10123 Current Process 1: FVCOM Forecast 2: 3: S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 (Previous Hindcast) (Previous Forecast) FVCOM forecast runs till end of available WRF data

26. NECOFS Model Flow Diagram: 1.0 Stage: 7 (12:00) NECOFS Forecast Finished! wrf forecast data wrf hindcast data fvcom data (results) river data sst data Day# -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -10123 Current Process 1: 2: 3: S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 New Results are Automatically posted to the web site! (Previous Hindcast) (Previous Forecast)

27. http://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu

29. Recent Developments 1.Unstructured-grid finite-volume version of CICE model (CICE-ug) – (for Arctic Ocean applications) 2.Unstructured-grid finite-volume version of SWAN (ug-SWAN) 3.Non-hydrostatic version of FVCOM (NH-FVCOM) (uses parallelized scalable sparse matrix solver library (PETSc) and high performance pre- conditional HYPRE software library) 4.Semi-implicit version of FVCOM (significant speed- up factor of ~10-20)

30. NECOFS Needs 1.Surface atmospheric forcing: - Basic: winds, Ta, RH, Pa, P, SST, SW & LW radiation, PAR - Derived: wind stress, heat flux (Qsw,Qlw,Qsen,Qlat), P-E [ARW; COARE3; AVHRR, ISCCP, FLASHFlux (?)] 2. Boundary conditions for regional coastal ocean model from basin/global models: surface waves [WAVEWATCH]; surface elevation, T,S, currents, …[…..] 3. Coastal boundary conditions: watershed flux of water and nutrients into coastal ocean via surface discharge and groundwater [USGS, UNH NE watershed model system]

31. Summary 1.Unstructured-grid finite-volume model (FVCOM) system provides a new community tool to nest global-regional-coastal-estuarine system together, suitable for ocean application, particularly for coastal environmental hindcast/forecast and ecosystem research. 2.NECOFS are in operation, for more information, visit FVCOM website: http://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu