1. Joining
Grammar Forces
Advanced C1 – C2

2. Verb Forms Generally Practice - Testing

3. The English verb has 3 forms.
the infinitive, the gerund & the participle

4. The 3 verb forms are only used to link sentences.
Right answer: not only that but also to shorten speech

5. The Infinitive Practice - Testing

6. The infinitive is the base form of the verb + -ing.
Right answer: It’s the base form of the verb without a personal pronoun-subject before it & with no ending.

7. The infinitive is divided in 2 sub-forms: the full infinitive (with ‘to’) & the bare (without ‘to’).

8. Where/ how is the bare infinitive used?
a) After Modal Verbs
b) After: had better, would rather/ sooner
c) After make & let in the active voice
d) After see, hear, feel, watch, etc, in the active voice (for an action perceived in its entirety)
e) After ‘why’ (not)

9. Where/ how is the bare infinitive used? (cont’d)
f) After and linking 2 infinitives
g) After do/ does/ did
h) After have in the form: have sb do sth
i)After help (to inf. also possible)
j) After but (meaning except), in negative statements.

10. Where/ how is the full infinitive used?
a) After adjectives expressing emotion
b) After nouns
c) To express Purpose
d) In too & enough constructions
e) After certain verbs, like:

11. Verbs followed by a ‘to-infinitive’
agree
arrange
care
decide
fail
want
wish
need
urge
beg
claim
pretend
seem
appear
attempt
tend
seek
cause
dare
hope
manage
enable
empower
promise
tell
encourage
trust
force
compel
expect
choose
hesitate
ask
demand
instruct
turn out
oblige
order
prepare
refuse
require
either immediately or in the structure: sb + to-infinitive

12. Where/ how is the full infinitive used? (cont’d)
f) In impersonal constructions with It
g) After the Indefinite Pronouns & adj’s like: the first, the last, etc
h) After Question Words (exc. why)
i) To show Negative Result, (usu. with only)
j) After be (omitting should).

13. The infinitive has time forms that show how it relates to the time/ tense of the main verb.

14. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a)
Simple active: (to) work
Simple passive: (to) be worked
Continuous: (to) be working
These refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb.

15. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b)
iv) Perfect active: (to) have worked
v) Perfect passive: (to) have been worked
vi) Perfect continuous: (to) have been
working
These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb.

16. When the subject of the infinitive is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction.
And then the subject of the infinitive is not mentioned/ repeated.
e.g. I want to go home.

17. What happens when the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the main verb?
a) it is markedly mentioned
b) it comes before the infinitive
c) it is in the accusative case
e.g. I want Jim to go home/ I want him to go home

18. When the subject of the infinitive is the object of the main verb, it’s already in the accusative case.

19. But what do we do if it’s not?
We turn it with the preposition for,
based on the rule:
accusative after a preposition, i.e.
I held the door wide open for granny to come in.

20. The Gerund Practice - Testing

21. The gerund is formed by adding –ing to the bare infinitive.

22. The gerund is a verb-noun & used as one.
i.e. as a preposition complement, subject and object [after i) certain verbs, ii) certain expressions & iii) certain other expressions with the preposition ‘to’]

23. i) Verbs followed by a gerund
admit
avoid
appreciate
anticipate
carry on
consider
delay
deny
dislike
despise
detest
discuss
enjoy
entail
escape
envisage
excuse
finish
fancy
foresee
forgive
give up
hate
imagine
involve
justify
keep (on)
love
like
loathe
lose
miss
mind
mention
necessitate
postpone
put sth off
quit
risk
recall
recollect
report
resent
resist
save
suggest
set/ start sb
spend
stop sb
tolerate
understand
waste

24. ii) Expressions followed by a gerund
be busy
can’t stand
can’t bear
can’t help
it’s no use/ good
how/ what about
it’s (not) worth
what’s the use of
what’s the point of
there’s no point in/ it’s pointless
feel like
it’s a waste of
there is no
have difficulty/ trouble/ a hard time

25. iii) Expressions with ‘to’ followed by a gerund
be used/ accustomed to
get used/ become accustomed to
object to
objection to
look forward to
in addition to
prefer … to ...

26. The gerund also has time forms that show how it relates to the time/ tense of the main verb.

27. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a)
Simple active: searching
Simple passive: being searched
These (mainly) refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb.

28. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b)
iii) Perfect active: having searched
v) Perfect passive: having been searched
These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb although they are rarely used because: a) they are too formal & b) the order of actions is evident even with the simple forms.

29. e.g. I enjoy walking in the rain.
When the subject of the gerund is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction.
And then the subject of the gerund is not mentioned/ repeated.
e.g. I enjoy walking in the rain.

30. What happens when the subject of the gerund is different from that of the main verb?
a) it is markedly mentioned
b) it comes before the gerund
c) it is in the possessive or the accusative case
e.g. I object to Jim’s/ his – Jim/ him going home alone.

31. Which is commoner, the possessive or the accusative case?
The accusative, but the possessive is always used when the different-person gerund is (part of) the Subject of the sentence.
e.g. His coming in late made it hard for us to go ahead as planned.

32. Gerund or Infinitive? Practice - Testing

33. (I) Without meaning changes
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (I).
(I) Without meaning changes
start/ begin
(but no –ing if continuous themselves)
continue/ bother
intend/ propose

34. There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (II).
(II) Without meaning changes but depending on structure
allow/ permit
forbid
advise/ recommend/ encourage
+ -ing when the –ing word is their object,
+ to –inf when there is a person-object & in the passive voice

35. (III.a) With meaning changes
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.a).
(III.a) With meaning changes
remember/ forget/ regret/ be sorry
stop/ go on
be afraid/ dread

36. (III.b) With meaning changes
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.b).
(III.b) With meaning changes
try
mean
verbs of like & dislike

37. (III.c) With meaning changes
There are 3 distinct cases of verbs that can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive (III.c).
(III.c) With meaning changes
teach/ learn
need/ want/ require

38. The Participle Practice - Testing

39. How many participle forms are there in English?
Mainly 2 but they’ve got
time forms, too.

40. Which are the two participle forms?
The present participle (bare inf. + -ing)
&
The past participle (bare inf. + ed)

41. How are the participles used?
In 3 ways:
a) to form the verb tenses
b) as adjectives (or parts of compound
adjectives)
c) to shorten subordinate clauses

42. How can you shorten a subordinate clause using a participle?
a) take out links
b) omit subject (if same as main clause’s) & auxiliary verb (if any) &
c) turn verb into a participle (–ing if replacing active tense OR –ed if replacing passive tense).

43. The participle also has time forms showing its relation to the time of the main verb.

44. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (a)
Present active: calling
Present passive: being called
These refer to a time point that is either the same as or later than that of the main verb.

45. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (b)
iii) Perfect active: having called
iv) Perfect passive: having been called
These refer to a time point that is earlier than that of the main verb.

46. Which are these time forms and how are they used? (c)
v) Past passive: called
This form replaces the other two passive forms for brevity.

47. e.g. Coming in, she said ‘hello’ to all of us.
When the subject of the participle is the same as that of the main verb we have a same-person construction.
And then the subject of the participle is not mentioned/ repeated.
e.g. Coming in, she said ‘hello’ to all of us.

48. What happens when the subject of the participle is different from that of the main verb?
a) it is markedly mentioned
b) it comes before the participle
c) it is in the nominative case
e.g. Jim being present, she couldn’t lie about it.

49. Participle or Infinitive? Practice - Testing

50. (I) Participle or Infinitive?
Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive but with differences in meaning/ message (I).
(I) Participle or Infinitive?
see/ hear/ feel/ notice/ observe/ etc
motion verbs: come/ go – take sb/ send sb
have/
get

51. (II) Participle or Infinitive?
Some verbs are followed by a present participle or an infinitive but with differences in meaning/ message (II).
(II) Participle or Infinitive?
find/ leave be

52. What is the negative form of all the verb forms?
not + the full form

53. What is an infinitive cut short?
The infinitive particle ‘to’ alone, substituting for a verb or sentence that has been mentioned before.
I’d love to join you but I’m afraid I won’t be able to.