1. This kind of processing begins with our sense receptors and works up to our brain’s integration of this sensory information.

2. This kind of processing begins higher-level mental processes that draw on our experiences and expectations.

3. The absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus ______ % of the time.

4. This theory predicts that detection depends on a person’s experience, expectations and level of fatigue, rather than on an absolute threshold. It suggests that reactions to the same stimuli vary as circumstances change.

5. These stimuli are those that are below the absolute threshold and are unconsciously detected.

6. An imperceptibly brief stimulus may be detected outside our conscious awareness and influence our responses. This is known as __________.

7. The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time is called the __________ or the just noticeble difference.

8. Weber’s Law states that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum ____________, not a constant amount.

9. After several minutes of being exposed to the cold of Lake Michigan while swimming, you no longer feel cold. This is an example of __________.

10. At any moment our awareness focuses on only a limited aspect of what we experience. This is known as _________.

11. While watching a video of basketball game, people attending to counting the number of ball passes failed to notice a gorilla intruding on the game. This is one example of ____________.

12. In sensation, this is the transformation of energy (light, mechanical, sound, etc.) into neural impulses.

13. The energy stimulus for vision.

14. Light’s ______, or the distance between a wave’s maximum (or minimum) height, is what determines its hue, or color we experience.

15. Light’s ___________ is determined by the amplitude of the wave.

16. This part of the eye is the adjustable opening in the center through which light enters.

17. This muscle around the eye’s pupil controls the size of the pupil opening, and is the colored part of the eye.

18. This transparent structure behind the eye’s pupil changes shape to focus images on the retina.

19. This is the process by which the lens changes its curvature to focus near or far objects on the retina.

20. This is the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye that contains the receptor cells of rods and cones plus layers of neurons that are involved in the process of visual processing.

21. These receptor cells in the visual system allow us to detect black, white and grey.

22. These receptor cells in the visual system allow us to see color and fine detail.

23. Cones are located in the center of the retina, or the ________.

24. Cones are most sensitive in ________ light.

25. Rods are located in the ________ of the retina, and enable peripheral vision.

26. Rods are sensitive in ________ light.

27. Information from the rods and cones is processed through these cells before relay to the ganglion cells.

28. The ganglion cells in the retina converge to form this.

29. Where the optic nerve leaves the eye there are no receptor cells, which results in a ____________.

30. This area of the retina has the best acuity.

31. Information from the retina is directed to the visual cortex via the ________.

32. Nocturnal animals have visual systems that function well in dim light. Their receptor cells are almost entirely _____.

33. Located in the visual cortex in the occipital lobe, these specialized cells receive information about lines, edges, angles and movements from the ganglion cells.

34. When we process several aspects (color, depth, movement, form) of a visual scene simultaneously, it is called _______________.

35. This theory of color vision states that the retina contains receptors for red, green and blue light.

36. When both red and green color receptors are activated, the color we experience is __________.

37. Most color blind people lack functioning _____ and _____ cones.

38. This theory of color vision says that color is analyzed in terms of red and green, blue and yellow, or black and white.

39. If you stare at a green image and then look at white paper, the afterimage will appear _________.

40. If you stare at a yellow figure and then look at a white paper, the afterimage will appear _________.

41. In changing illumination, our perception of color remains _________.

42. The stimulus energy of audition is ______.

43. A long sound wavelength results in ______ frequency sounds.

44. A small sound wave amplitude results in _________ sounds.

45. The ________ in the ear contains the auditory system’s receptor cells.

46. The middle ear contains these 3 tiny bones.

47. Located in the cochlea, fluid vibrates on the ________, bending its hair cells to send neural messages to the auditory nerve.

48. These are the receptor cells of the auditory system.

49. Auditory information from the right ear is sent via the thalamus to the auditory cortex located in the ___________.

50. Damage to the hair cells in the basilar membrane is the most likely cause of ______________.

51. This theory of audition links the pitch we hear with the location where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated.

52. The frequency theory of audition says that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to sense its _______.

53. Where are the receptor cells for the sense of touch located?

54. What 4 distinct skin senses comprise our sense of touch?

55. Touch receptors send signals to the sensory cortex via what brain structure?

56. Touch sensations are processed in the sensory cortex, which is located in which lobe?

57. Gate-control theory states that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either blocks these signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. What are these signals?

58. Drugs, surgery, acupuncture, electrical stimulation, massage, exercise, hypnosis, relaxation training and thought distraction are all therapies used for _______.

59. Name the 2 chemical senses.

60. Where are taste receptor cells located?

61. The aroma of food enhances its perceived taste. This is an example of __________.

62. What is olefaction?

63. Where are smells processed?

64. What is unique about how the brain processes smells?

65. Smell is linked to parts of the limbic system involved in ________ and _______.

66. The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts such as your arms and legs is ___________.

67. This sense monitors head and body position and movement, including our sense of balance and orientation.

68. The receptor cells for position and movement, or kinesthesis, are located in these 3 places.

69. The receptor cells for the vestibular sense (balance and position) are located in the ________________ in the inner ear.

70. What group of psychologists are most associated with perceptual organization?

71. That we perceive individual rows of white dots followed by individual rows of black dots illustrates what law of perceptual organization?

72. That we perceive a complete circle or complete square when presented with the following drawing best illustrates which law of perceptual organization?

73. That we perceive the first set of dots as a whole, and the second set as 3 groups best illustrates which law of perceptual organization?

74. The ability to organize 2-dimensional images into 3-dimensional perceptions is known as ____________.

75. The law of perceptual organization that states we organize the visual field into objects and surroundings.

76. We use this laboratory device to test depth perception in infants.

77. In depth perception, these kind of cues depend on the ability to use both eyes.

78. In depth perception, these cues depend on the use of only 1 eye.

79. Name this binocular cue: the extent to which the eyes draw inward when looking at an object.

80. Name this binocular cue: the brain compares images from each eye and computes the distance between them.

81. If the brain computes a great disparity between 2 retinal images, it will interpret the object as being _____________.

82. Name this monocular cue: a gradual change from coarse texture to fine texture signals increasing distance.

83. Name this monocular cue: objects higher in the visual field are interpreted as being farther away.

84. Name this monocular cue: As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. The nearer the object is to you, the faster it will appear to move.

85. Name this monocular cue: Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance. The more they converge, the greater the perceived distance.

86. Name this monocular cue: Nearby objects reflect more light. A dimmer object appears farther away.

87. This is an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.

88. We perceive objects to be unchanging even as light and retinal images change. This is known as __________.

89. Shape constancy predicts that we perceive an object as unchanging even though the ________ changes.

90. Size constancy says that we perceive objects to be unchanging even as our __________ changes.

91. The size-distance relationship between an object’s perceived distance and its image on our retina can lead to optical illusions such as the _________.

92. When someone is fitted with special glasses that invert the retinal image, they quickly adapt to the new sensation. This illustrates the concept of ____________.

93. Our experiences, expectations and assumptions predispose us to perceive objects in a certain way. These mental predispositions are called our ___________.

94. Our experiences, expectations and assumptions predispose us to perceive objects in a certain way. These mental predispositions best illustrate what kind of processing?