1. C IVIL S OCIETY P LAN FOR T ODAY : 1. Debating type of structure of civil society necessary to promote democracy. 2. Questioning how universally applicable the concept of civil society is. 3. Group discussion activity on promoting civil society in three focus countries.

2. S TRUCTURE OF C IVIL S OCIETY How much can/ should the state be involved in civil society?

3. P LURALIST VS. C ORPORATIST C IVIL S OCIETY (S CHMITTER ) Pluralist SystemsCorporatist Systems MultipleSingular (Monopoly) CompetitiveNoncompetitive NonhierarchicalHierarchical Less state involvementMore state involvement

4. T WO TYPES OF CORPORATISM 1. “State corporatism” : state defines and controls organizations in society. 1. Mainly mechanisms for state to control & restrict public participation. 2. State coopts, guides, dominates interest groups.

5. T WO TYPES OF CORPORATISM 2. “Democratic corporatism”: interests formed from societal level up & aggregated at top level to negotiate with government. e.g. Sweden

6. P RO -P LURALIST A RGUMENTS (D IAMOND ) 1. Civil society’s fundamental nature is diversity; monopoly contradicts this. 2. Pluralism works to minimize social conflict. 3. Corporatist arrangements especially dangerous for new democracies.

7. P RO -C ORPORATIST A RGUMENTS (S CHMITTER, B LACK ) 1. Is pluralism even plausible in many countries? 2. Pluralist civil society can descend into factionalism with little civic trust. 3. State can be compromised by pluralist civil society. 1. Infiltration by selfish private interests. 2. Incoherence from acting as a “cash register.”

8. I S CIVIL SOCIETY A UNIVERSAL OR CULTURALLY SPECIFIC CONCEPT ?

9. P OTENTIALLY UNIQUE CONDITIONS IN EARLY A MERICAN REPUBLIC (S ELIGMAN ) 1. Belief in absolute autonomy of the individual. 2. Ethical public sphere of interconnectedness among citizens.

10. P OTENTIALLY UNIQUE CONDITIONS IN EARLY A MERICAN REPUBLIC (S ELIGMAN ) 1. Belief in absolute autonomy of the individual (from radical liberal ideas) 2. Ethical public sphere of interconnectedness among citizens (from Puritan religious morality)

11. P OTENTIALLY UNIQUE CONDITIONS IN EARLY A MERICAN REPUBLIC (S ELIGMAN ) American-style liberal civil society not likely in new democracies.

12. P ROSPECTS OF CIVIL SOCIETY WHERE NO HISTORY OF IT ? Very difficult where civil society highly repressed under authoritarianism (e.g. post- Communist states).

13. P OST -C OMMUNIST O RGANIZATIONAL M EMBERSHIP (H OWARD )

14. I S CIVIL SOCIETY UNIVERSALIZABLE ? 1. Will be very difficult to achieve in some circumstances (e.g. post- Soviet). 2. Will look different in different places.

15. I MPORTANT DEMOCRACY - PROMOTING ( AND UNIVERSALIZABLE ) CHARACTERISTICS 1. Autonomy from the state 2. Connection to societal concerns 3. Citizen participation

16. G ROUP D ISCUSSION A CTIVITY How to encourage civil society development in Iraq, Russia, South Africa, in such a way that it will promote democratization?

17. Q UESTIONS FOR G ROUP D ISCUSSION 1. What characteristics of civil society would you try to promote in your programs? 2. How would you encourage those characteristics through specific programs? 3. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about your chances of success?