1. Types of Mutations Graphic Organizer
Protein Synthesis
Types of Mutations Graphic Organizer

2. Point vs. Gene Mutations
Point Mutations only affect a SINGLE nitrogen base.
May not cause any noticeable mutation if the amino acid is not changed.
May also occur in the buffer or junk zones of DNA
Chromosomal Mutations affect entire or sections of a chromosome
Multiple Genes are affected
Always causes some type of change.

3. Substitution One Nitrogen base is replaced with another nitrogen base.
Total number of bases in the sequence does not change.
MISSENSE – amino acid does change
NONSENSE – amino acid is changed to a STOP
SILENT – amino acid does not change

4. Insertion An extra base is inserted into the sequence.
The number of bases will increase
This is also called a FRAMESHIFT

5. Deletion A base is removed or deleted from the sequence.
The number of bases will decrease.
This is also called a FRAMESHIFT

6. Deletion A section of the chromosome is removed or deleted.
The chromosome becomes shorter.
Smith Magenis Syndrome is an example

7. Duplication Sections of the chromosome are repeated or copied.
They have extra genetic material
Oncogenes (genes linked to cancers such as Breast, Ovarian, Colon Cancers) are the result of duplication mutations

8. Inversion
A portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down and reattached.
The order of the genes and bases has been changed.
An inversion of Chromosome 9 is known to lead to an increase in miscarriages or infertility.
Most common inversion in humans.

9. Translocation
A portion of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome
Some cancers, infertility issues and Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) have been linked to Translocation mutations.