1. Developing an Effective Argument

2. Develop an argument about an issue that resonates across cultures. Choose a position, a target audience, and effective structure to convey your argument. Skills Knowledge

3. Essential Questions O What is justice? O What issues resonate across cultures? O How are arguments are developed?

4. Essential Question How do I develop an effective argument?

5. Unpacking EA 2B Prompt: Develop an argument about an issue that resonates across cultures. Choose a position, a target audience, and effective structure to convey your argument. DO NOW: Deconstruct the above prompt. What skills and knowledge do you need to have to complete this prompt?

6. Arguing for Justice O An argument usually focuses on a topic of interest to many people. O The topic may have many sides or only two sides: for OR against

7. Forms of Evidence O Evidence - used to support a thesis/claim in an argument O Empirical evidence – based on experience and direct observation through research O Logical evidence – based on facts and a clear rationale O Anecdotal evidence – based on personal accounts

8. Rhetorical Appeals (Persuasive Language) O Pathos – emotional appeal Describes the writer’s appeal to an audience's emotions. O Logos – logical appeal Describes the writer’s appeal to the reader’s logic/reason by making a reasonable claim and offering proof in support of that claim, whether the reader agrees or not. O Ethos – ethical appeal Describes the writer’s appeal that relies on the credibility of the author. The reader asks themselves, "What does this person know about this topic?" and "Why should I trust this person?"

9. "As your doctor, I have to tell you that if you don't stop smoking, you're going to die." "50% of marriages end in divorce" "My mother was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis when I was twelve. I saw her pain and suffering which is why I want to support MS research." "Before I was president, I was the governor of New York."

10. Analyze Rhetorical Appeals O “On Surrender at Bear Paw Mountain, 1877” (150) O “On Women’s Right to Vote” (151-152)

11. Analyzing an Argument Read from Mohandas Ghandi’s “On Civil Disobedience” (148) O Identify intended audience. O Identify claim. O Identify supporting evidence. O Identify the organization of the argument.

12. Common Fallacies O Hasty Generalizations – a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence; rushing to a conclusion O Either/Or – a conclusion that oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two choices O Ad Populum – an emotional appeal that speaks to positive or negative feelings rather than the real issue O Moral Equivalence – a comparison of minor misdeeds with major atrocities O Red Herring – a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues, often by avoiding opposing arguments (146)

13. Evaluating Reasoning O Identify examples of fallacious reasoning (common fallacies)

14. Elements of Argument O Claim – the thesis of the argument O Evidence - support for the claim/thesis  Commentary- explanation of why and how the evidence supports the claim O Counterclaims – a position taken by someone with an opposing viewpoints or evidence that disagrees with your thesis  Concession – admission that the opposing side has valid points O Refutations – Evidence or reasoning that negates the counterclaims O Conclusion – concluding statement that pulls the claim and evidence together to create a call to action

15. Reasoning & Evidence To evaluate an argument: O Determine whether a writer’s reasoning is valid O Determine if the evidence provided sufficiently supports the claim O Be aware of the use of common fallacies

16. Identifying Elements of an Argument O Identify the claim. O Identify the evidence. O What types of evidence are used? O Identify the concessions. O Identify the refutation. O Identify the call to action. O How did the writer signal the conclusion?