1. Skeletal System 206 Total Bones

2. Cranium Mandible Sternum Rib Vertebral Column Pelvis Sacrum Coccyx Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

3. Skeletal System Information Appendicular System 126 bones Axial System 80 bones

4. Functions of the Skeletal System Framework of the body Supports and protects the internal organs Facilitates Movement Mineral storage: calcium and phosphorus Hematopoiesis: Formation of blood

5. Interesting Bone Facts The longest bone in your body is the bone above your knee, the thighbone. Your funny bone isn’t a bone at all. When you were born, you had more than 300 bones. By the time you stop growing, you’ll have 206. Your bones are living. They grow as you get older.

6. Examples of each type of bone Long bone Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, clavicle Short bones Carpals, tarsals, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges Flat Bones Cranial Bones, Facial Bones, Scapula, Sternum Irregular bone Vertebrae, Ribs, Ear, Hip, Hyoid

7. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 5.1

8. Types of Bones Long BoneShort Bone Flat BoneIrregular Bone Head – Body - HeadAs wide as they are long Provides Protection bones which do not fall into any other category

9. Types Of Joints Pivot Hinge Ball & SocketGliding Top of the neck Shoulder/Hip Elbow/Knee Intercarpal joints

10. Connective Tissues Cartilage – Allows joints to move easily, cushions bones, and supports soft tissue Ligament – Hold bones in place at the joints Tendon – Joins muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

11. Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx

12. Sinal Cavities

13. Types of Fractures Fractures are often classified according to the position of the bone ends after the break:

14. Open Fracture Bone ends penetrate the skin

15. Closed Fracture A Fracture that does not break the skin

16. Greenstick Fracture Only one side of the bone is broken, mostly seen in children

17. Transverse Fracture Break at a right angle and caused by direct traumatic injury

18. Spiral Fracture Bone broke because of a twisting type motion Sports injury or abuse injury.

19. Oblique Fracture Rarest form of fractures, the break is at an angle.

20. Conditions of the Skeletal System Osteoporosis Bones become fragile and more likely to break Osteoarthritis Joint disorder where the cartilage is wearing away

21. Osteomalacia & Rickets Osteomalacia –Literally “soft bones.” –Causes can include insufficient dietary calcium, vitamin D or exposure to sun light. Rickets –Children's form of osteomalacia –More detrimental due to the fact that their bones are still growing. –Signs include bowed legs, and deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull.

22. Osteomyelitis –Osteo=bone + myelo=marrow + itis=inflammation. –Caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound or migrate from a nearby infection. –Fatal before the advent of antibiotics.

23. Osteoporosis –Often seen in postmenopausal women because they experience a rapid decline in estrogen secretion;

24. Clinical conditions Gigantism –Childhood hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland causes excessive growth. Acromegaly –Adulthood hypersecretion of GH causes overgrowth of bony areas still responsive to GH such as the bones of the face, feet, and hands. Pituitary dwarfism –GH deficiency in children resulting in extremely short long bones and maximum stature of 4 feet.

25. Rickets Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. Some skeletal deformities caused by rickets may need corrective surgery.

26. Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues

28. Gouty arthritis Gout is a disease that results from an overload of uric acid in the body. Chronic gout can also lead to deposits of hard lumps of uric acid in and around the joints and may cause joint destruction, decreased kidney function, and kidney stones.kidney stones

29. Pharmacology Bisphosphonates: used to treat/prevent osteoporosis. Examples: Fosamax, Boniva NSAIDS (Non-Steriodal Anti- inflammatory Drugs): used to treat inflammation and pain from arthritis. Examples: Ibuprofen, Naproxen