1. Child Labor & the Industrial Revolution What laws govern labor in general? –Minimum wage –Safer working conditions What laws govern child labor today? –Have to be 16 –Can only work a limited amount of hours –Cannot work late on school nights

2. Industrial Revolution Child Labor Facts Factory wages were so low that children often had to work to help support their families. The number of children under the age of 15 who worked in industrial jobs for wages climbed from 1.5 million in 1890 to 2 million in 1910. Businesses liked to hire children because they worked in unskilled jobs for lower wages than adults Their small hands made them more adept at handling small parts and tools.

3. Lewis Hine "There is work that profits children, and there is work that brings profit only to employers. The object of employing children is not to train them, but to get high profits from their work." -- Lewis Hine, 1908

7. Garment Workers

8. Basket Sellers

9. Radish Sellers

10. Shoe Shine Boy

11. Glass Factory

12. Girls at Weaving Machine

13. Boy Picking Berries

14. Children Stringing Beans

15. Boys in a Cigar Factory

16. Boys Shucking Oysters

17. Girls in a Box Factory

18. Boys Working in a Bowling Alley

19. Child Labor Laws By 1916, Congress passed the Keating-Owens Act that established the following child labor standards: –a minimum age of 14 for workers in manufacturing and 16 for workers in mining; –a maximum workday of 8 hours; – prohibition of night work for workers under age 16; and a documentary proof of age. Unfortunately, this law was later ruled unconstitutional on the ground that congressional power to regulate interstate commerce did not extend to the conditions of labor. Effective action against child labor had to await the New Deal (1930’s).

20. Nine Year Old News Girl

21. Newsies

23. Newsies were the boys and girls who sold newspapers on the streets Newspapers were the main form of information in this period Newsies did not work for a specific company, but rather they bought the papers and then sold them and kept the money – any unsold papers = no profit

24. The Newsboy Strike of 1899 In 1898 the Spanish-American War helped increase newspaper sales Sales and profits were up so the Newspaper giants Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst raised the price of papers from.50 a bundle to.60 a bundle. When the war ended the papers were not selling as well and the price per bundle did not decrease

25. The Newsboy Strike of 1899 The Newsies rallied and refused to sell Pulitzer’s and Hearst’s papers in July of 1899. –For Two weeks they went on strike and even managed to stop traffic several times on the Brooklyn Bridge –During those two weeks the sales of the papers were cut in half = profits were cut in half

26. The Newsboy Strike of 1899 Outcomes The newspapers agreed to buy back unsold papers, but the price did not go down. The strike was a social labor success –It influenced other strikes –It helped improve working conditions for newsies all over the country –Helped with the passing of national child labor laws a decade later

27. Disney’s Newsies Based on the events of the Newsboy Strike, BUT there are some “Hollywood” liberties….