1. Retaking Europe Section 18.2

2. Retaking Europe Churchill and FDR met in Aug, 1941 (in secret) to decide their goals for the war –Both sign the Atlantic Charter (Later, this will form the basis of the UN)

3. Battle of the Atlantic Trade was difficult to control b/c of constant attacks from German U-boats –Formed convoys for protection – still attacked by “wolf packs” of U-boats

4. War in the Soviet Union Germany had to be self-sufficient – must have resources to survive –June 22, 1941: Hitler broke the 10yr. Non-Aggression Pact & invaded the Soviet Union –3.6 million Germans vs. 3 million untrained Soviets –Luftwaffe quickly gained control of the air

5. Soviet Union: “In case of a forced retreat…all trains must be evacuated…the enemy must not be left anything…” –Destroyed everything that might be useful to the enemy –Stalin asks for help from the Allies – FDR extends the Lend Lease Act to the Soviets –Bonus: Caused Germany to be fighting on multiple fronts

6. Battle of Stalingrad Russian winter stopped Germany’s advance Russians are able to regain ground in the summer Sept. 1942: Germans launch fierce campaign of firebombing and shelling (2 months) –Soviets lose most of the city

7. http://www.stalingrad.com.ru/history/foto/zelma_05-08/assault_6.jpg Stalingrad

8. Battle of Stalingrad Hitler ruled out retreat Mid-November: city is in ruins and Germans are losing supplies Jan. 1943: 90,000 Germans surrender Turning Point of the war in Eastern Europe

9. Allied Air War Carpet Bombing: planes scattered large numbers of bombs over a wide area –German cities suffered heavy damage –B-17’s rained bombs on German aircraft factories, railway lines, bridges, and cities

10. Invasion of Western Europe Operation Overlord (D-Day): Allied attack on German occupied France –Leader: Dwight D. Eisenhower –Began massive military buildup in Southern England – In response, Germany added machine-gun nests, barbed-wire fences, mines, and underwater obstructions to the coast of France –Germany knew an invasion was coming – They just didn’t know when

11. Beach Obstacles

12. D-Day Invasion June 6, 1944 155,000 troops are transported from S. England to Normandy, France By the end of July, Eisenhower had over 2 million troops in France

13. Eisenhower addressing the Paratroopers

15. Omaha Beach

16. 2,000+ casualties

17. Liberating France August, 1944: Patton used blitzkrieg to encircle & destroy German forces August 25, 1944: Paris officially liberated –Gen. Charles de Gaulle prepared to take charge of the city

18. Soviet Forces Advance U.S. troops pushed from the West Soviet troops pushed from the East –At any given time +9 million soldiers were fighting on the Eastern Front –Soviets lost 11 million; Germans lost 9 million –Soviet leaders considered the capture of Berlin a matter of honor

19. Soviets Take Berlin April, 1945: Soviets entered Berlin April 30 th : Hitler commits suicide May 8 th : German soldiers surrendered

20. V-E Day Victory in Europe Day May 7, 1945

21. Yalta Conference Feb. 1945: Churchill, FDR, & Stalin meet in Yalta (Soviet Union) –Planned the final defeat of Germany –Decide the shape of the postwar world –Agreed to split Germany in 4 parts (each would be controlled by one of the major Allies) –Agreed upon the division of Berlin –Stalin promised to allow elections in Eastern European countries liberated from the Germans –Stalin also promised to enter the war against Japan within 3 months of Germany’s surrender

22. The Manhattan Project 1939: FDR received letter from Einstein about a new type of bomb Manhattan Project: top secret plan to develop an atomic bomb July 16,1945: 1 st field test in New Mexico

23. Decision to Drop the Bomb Alternative possibilities: –A massive invasion of Japan – millions of Allied casualties –Naval blockade to starve Japan w/conventional bombing –Demonstration of new weapon on a deserted island –Softening for an unconditional surrender

24. FDR died in April, 1945 President Harry S. Truman had to make the final decision – had no problem and never regretted his decision Aug. 6,1945: Bombed Hiroshima Aug. 9,1945: Bombed Nagasaki

25. Nagasaki – 40,000 Hiroshima - 70,000