1. MIDYEAR REVIEW

2. Natural resource - any natural material that is used by humans ■Renewable resource ■Nonrenewable resource ■Perpetual resource –Resource depletion –Tragedy of Commons

3. ■Pollution : –Biodegradable –Non-biodegradable ■Developed Country ■Developing Country ■Positive and Negative Impacts of Affluence

4. ■I=P x A x T ■Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology ■Ecological Footprint ■Sustainability

5. ■Cost-benefit analysis ■Risk assessment

6. ■Scientific Theory ■Scientific Law ■Hypothesis ■Scientific Method ■Formulating an Experiment

7. ■Deductive Reasoning: Starts with general statement/hypothesis and examine possibilities to reach logical conclusion ■Inductive Reasoning: (Opposite of Deductive Reasoning) Make broad generalizations from specific observations

9. ■Matter ■Elements ■Compounds ■Atomic Theory –Subatomic particles –Mass number –Isotopes –Ions –pH ■Acids, bases

10. ■Inorganic Compounds ■Organic Compounds ■Cells ■Genes ■Chromosomes

11. ■Law of Conservation of Matter ■Kinetic & Potential Energy ■First Law of Thermodynamics –Energy input always equals energy output ■Second Law of Thermodynamics –Energy always goes from a more useful to a less useful form when it changes from one form to

13. ■Negative Feedback Loop ■Positive Feedback Loop ■Time Delays ■Tipping Point ■Synergistic Interaction (Synergy)

14. Conversions: 1 Hectare = 10,000 m^2 1 km^2 = 1,000,000 m^2 Earth’s Land area = 150,000,000 km^2 Earth’s Water Area = 361,800,000 km^2 Earth’s Total Area = 511,800,000 km^2 Metric Conversions: KHD (g/m/L) DCM

15. Three major concentric zones of the earth: ■Core ■Mantle ■Crust ■Lithosphere ■Asthenosphere ■Mesosphere ■Outer Core ■Inner Core

16. Plate Tectonics (Mantle Convection) ■Convergent Boundary ■Divergent Boundary ■Transform Boundary

17. ■Internal Geologic Processes –Build up surface ■External Geologic Processes –Weathering –Erosion

18. ■Volcanoes ■Earthquakes ■Richter scale –Insignificant: <4.0 –Minor: 4.0–4.9 –Damaging: 5.0–5.9 –Destructive: 6.0–6.9 –Major: 7.0–7.9 –Great: >8.0 ■Foreshocks and Aftershocks

20. Tsunami

21. ■Mass Wasting –Slow movement –Fast Movement ■Earth’s Crust –Sedimentary –Metamorphic –Igneous ■Rock Cycle

22. ■Mineral resource –Fossil fuels –Metallic minerals –Nonmetallic minerals ■Ore –High-grade ore –Low-grade ore ■Ore extracted by mining –Ore mineral –Gangue –Smelting

23. ■Surface mining –Shallow deposits removed –Open-pit mining –Strip mining –Contour mining –Mountaintop removal ■Subsurface mining –Deep deposits remove

24. Eco industrial Park

25. ■Soil Formation –Physical Weathering –Chemical Weathering –Biological Weathering ■Soil Properties (texture) ■Soil Structure (How particles are organizes/clumped together) –Clay –Silt –Sand

26. ■Friability ■Porosity ■Permeability ■Variability

27. ■Soil Horizons (properties of each) ■Soil horizons for different ecosystems

28. ■Water Cycle –Evaporation –Condensation –Precipitation

29. ■Ocean Water –Salinity –Temperature zones –Regulating global temperature

31. ■Surface Currents – wind ■Thermohaline Circulation –Thermo = temperature –Haline = salt –Thermohaline circulation is density driven circulation

33. ■Freshwater –Lakes, rivers, streams –Most is found in icecaps and glaciers ■River Systems –A network of streams that drains an area of land. –Tributaries

35. ■Access to water is –A global health issue –An economic issue –A women’s and children’s issue –A national and global security issue ■Water haves and water have nots

36. ■Ground Water ■Zone of Saturation ■Water Table ■Aquifer –Natural Recharge –Lateral Recharge

37. ■Surface Water –Surface runoff –Watershed (drainage) basin –Reliable runoff ■1/3 of total ( 2/3 of the surface runoff: lost by seasonal floods) ■1/3 runoff usable –Domestic: 10% –Agriculture: 70% –Industrial use: 20%

38. Water Hotspots in 17 Western U.S. States

39. ■Droughts ■Long-term severe droughts increasing –Extended period of below-normal rainfall –Diminished groundwater

40. Groundwater Over pumping ■Limits future food production ■Bigger gap between the rich and the poor ■Land subsidence ■Sinkholes ■Groundwater overdrafts near coastal regions

41. Provides irrigation water above and below dam Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people Large losses of water through evaporation Provides water for drinking Deprives downstream cropland and estuaries of nutrient-rich silt Reservoir useful for recreation and fishing Risk of failure and devastating downstream fl ooding Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower) Reduces down- stream fl ooding of cities and farms Disrupts migration and spawning of some fish

43. ■Dams interrupt Hydrologic Cycle –Colorado River Case Study –Yangtze River Case Study ■Desalination (Desalinization) –Distillation –Reverse osmosis, microfiltration ■Water conservation –Improves irrigation efficiency –Improves collection efficiency –Uses less in homes and businesses

44. ■Water transferred by –Tunnels –Aqueducts –Underground pipes ■May cause environmental problems ■California Water Project

45. Stepped Art Gravity flow (efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves) Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river. Drip irrigation (efficiency 90–95%) Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots. Center pivot (efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler) Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers. Fig. 13-18, p. 335

47. Three BIG ideas 1.One of the world’s major environmental problems is the growing shortage of freshwater in many parts of the world. 2.We can increase water supplies in water-short areas in a number of ways, but the most important way is to reduce overall water use and waste by using water more sustainably. 3.We can use water more sustainably by cutting water waste, raising water prices, slowing population growth, and protecting aquifers, forests, and other ecosystems that store and release water.