1. Where did we really come from? Miss Augulewicz
Vertebrate Evolution
Where did we really come from?
Miss Augulewicz

2. Vertebrate Innovations
Vertebral Column
Series of separate bones firmly joined as a backbone that defines the major body axis

3. Vertebrate Innovations
Cranium
Supports and protects the sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, mouth) and your brain

4. Step 1: Pre-vertebrates
Lancelet performed suspension feeding using cilia and mucus

5. Mouth gets bigger Muscular pump forms that can open and close
Water & food are taken in and pumped out
Reinforced by cartilage

6. Step 2: Agnathans-Jawless fish evolve
Feed using their muscular pharynx, not cilia and mucus
Lampreys, hagfish

7. Step 3: Gnathostomes- Jawed fish
The jaw evolves!
Mouth opens, pressure sucks large food in, jaw closes
No longer need pharyngeal slits to eat

9. Our ancestors were jawed fish: gnathostomes
Chondrichthyes (Sharks and stingrays) evolved in one direction
they had bone then lost it and are mostly cartilage
Osteichthyes (bony fish) evolved in another direction
Kept the bone
Ancestors to all present day bony fish & vertebrates= SUCCESSFUL!

10. Half a billion years summed up in a few minutes…

11. Your Inner Fish
SO….Looking back MUCH further than the chimpanzees, humans haves some other pretty old and interesting ancestors....
FISH!

12. How did we get on land?
Meet the lungfish

13. Lungfish Lived in shallow fresh water that would sometimes dry up
Breathe using primitive lungs if no water
Breathe using gills if in water

14. Eventually fish evolved to come out of water…..

15. We look at the fossil record.
How did we learn this?
We look at the fossil record.

17. Tiktaalik
Tiktaalik lost some fish characteristics and gained lungs, arms & legs, primitive ears

18. Finding tiktaalik!

19. What evolved next?
So they made it to land...but they aren’t fish anymore, what are they??

20. Amphibians Evolution of lungs from the gut Strengthening of limbs
Need to stay near water to lay eggs

21. Reptiles Can reproduce on land by laying eggs
Get stronger limbs, use muscle and less energy to move

22. A new egg! Amniotic egg Doesn’t need to be laid in water
Our ancestors can move to dry land!
Leathery shell chorion membrane allows for gas exchange, yolk sac provides food, allantois collects waste, amnion fluid surronding embryo

23. From 2 different groups of reptiles we got....
Birds!
Mammals!

24. First mammals..
Evolved from a reptile- mammal ancestor group called Therapsids.
Sort of look like rodents! Or weird dogs!
Inostrancevia
Oligokyphus

26. Mammalian characteristics
Mammary glands: To feed milk to our young
Fur or hair
Endothermic: maintains temperature from metabolic heat
The world got cold but mammals could stay warm and survived and radiated
Live in water or land

27. There are three types of mammals based on their mode of reproduction
Monotremes lay eggs.
Marsupials have young that develop in the uterus for a short term. At birth, marsupial young crawl through mother's fur and into a pouch on the female's body to feed on mother's milk.
Placental mammals like humans develop through advanced stages in the uterus and receive maternal nutrients across the placenta.

28. Life of Mammals
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30. Birds (Aves) Birds came from the dinosaurs!
This fossil, Archaeopteryx was once a dino with feathers!!
I can’t really talk too much about birds because they are my favorite and it would become a bird class.

32. Remember all the came before us!