1. Adjective Clauses

2. Using expressions of quantity in Adjective Clauses
1. There are many people in this town. None of them was born in Alaska.
There are many people in this town, none of whom was born in Alaska.
2. There are a lot of things in this store. Most of them were made in China.
There are a lot of things in this store, most of which were made in China.
3. The teachers discussed Jim. One of his problems was poor study habits.
The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems was poor study habits.
* An adjective clause may contain an expression of quantity with of: some of, many of, most of, none of, two of, half of, both of, etc.
* Only whom, which and whose are used in this pattern.
* Commas are used.

3. Using which to modify a whole sentence
1. Tom was late. That surprised me.
Tom was late, which surprised me.
2. The soccer team worked very hard to win. This made their coach very proud.
The soccer team worked very hard to win, which made their coach very proud.
* An adjective clause with which may modify the idea of a whole sentence. Just like using that or this to refer to the idea of a whole sentence which comes before.
* Using which to modify a whole sentence is informal and commonly used in spoken English.

4. Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases
CLAUSE: A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb.
PHRASE: A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a verb.
Example
Adjective Clause: The girl who is sitting next to me is Maha.
Adjective Phrase: The girl sitting next to me is Maha.
Clause: The girl (whom) I saw was Maha.
Phrase: none
Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun (who, which, that)
are reduced to modify an adjective clause. In this case, there is no
difference in meaning between the adjective clause and adjective phrase.

5. How to change Adjective Clauses into Adjective Phrases?
There are two ways to do so.
First
Both the subject pronoun and the be form of the verb are omitted:
- The car which is left on the street is broken. (Adjective clause)
- The car left on the street is broken. (Adjective phrase)
Second
If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective clause, it is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and change the verb to its -ing form:
The man who came yesterday knows how to repair the faucet.
The man coming yesterday knows how to repair the faucet.

6. How to change Adjective Clauses into Adjective Phrases?
Note that:
If the adjective clause requires commas, the adjective phrase
also requires commas.
The man, who was waiting for you, comes from Arizona.
The man, waiting for you, comes from Arizona.
Note that:
Adjective phrases in which a noun follows another noun are called "appositives."
Paris, which is the capital of France, is an exciting city.
Paris, the capital of France, is an exciting city. (Appositive phrase)