2. Society says: Men should be stable and independent. Men should cultivate a stance based on a false self, of extreme daring and attraction to violence. Men are taught to achieve status, dominance, and power...to avoid shame at all costs, to wear the mask of coolness, to act as though everything is going all right, as though everything is under control, even if it isn't. Boys and men experience a literal gender straightjacket that prohibits boys from expressing feelings warmth or empathy.

3. Real men aren't supposed to whine about their looks; they're not even supposed to worry about such things. Men are being made to feel more and more inadequate about how they look "while simultaneously being prohibited from talking about it or even admitting it to themselves Many boys are embarrassed and ashamed of their appearance concerns, and keep them a secret. They may feel it "wimpy" or "girlish" to worry about their looks... [they're] increasingly vulnerable to the advertising messages of the supplement industry and other body image industries eager to capitalize on their anxieties

4. http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ZkbnRrzt18U

5. What is new?

6. What are the differences?

7. So BIG they had to use a computer!!

8. On the left Robert Redford which portrays what a man would be in the early years while on the left Brad Pitt shows us what we are expected to look like today. Which should we follow?

9. It is getting harder and harder for Men to use muscles as a way of separating them.

10. In 1997, American men spent: $4 billion on exercise equipment and health club memberships $3 billion on grooming aids and fragrances $800 million on hair transplants In 1996, American men spent:  $500 million on male cosmetic surgery procedures $300 million on procedures such as pectoral implants and chin surgery. $200 million on procedures such as liposuction and rhinoplasty (nose jobs)

11. It does appear that men are growing increasingly concerned with the appearance of their body, and are willing to fork over millions of dollars to enhance their physical image. The fitness and cosmetic surgery industries have discovered this new demographic and have developed marketing strategies specifically targeted to young men. And while most are not undergoing drastic cosmetic procedures, the rate of hazardous eating and eating behaviors related to body image concerns is increasing.

12. Research shows that today’s college men are reporting greater levels of body dissatisfaction Males associate their attractiveness with increased muscle definition, and are concerned about body shape (as opposed to weight) and increasing their muscle mass Eating disorders in males typically involve a constant competition to stay more defined than other men Men have equivalent levels of body esteem, satisfaction with body shape, and desired levels of thinness Disordered eating and exercising behaviors among men are associated with obsessive feelings of inadequacy, unattractiveness, and failure

13. Research shows that young men tend to see themselves as thinner and less muscular than they actually are. In contrast to women with body image concerns, who typically seek to shed pounds and achieve a specific body weight, men with body image concerns want to bulk up. Because men are socialized not to discuss their body image concerns, their silent anguish may lead to feelings of isolation, distress, depression, and anxiety. The Drive for Muscularity in young men has been associated with low self esteem, neuroticism, and perfectionism

14. The drive for muscularity becomes pathological when it causes significant distress and interferes with social and occupational functioning. Any of the following signs are cause for concern: Neglecting school, work, family, or friends to spend more time at the gym Persistent fear and anxiety of appearing too small The use of steroids or other performance enhancing drugs

15. Young men with a poor body image and a high drive for muscularity often have corresponding feelings of low self- esteem, anxiety, and depression. In addition, they may be more at risk for abusing anabolic steroids, the health consequences of which are well documented and include a greater risk for coronary heart disease, kidney and liver damage, liver cancer, high blood pressure, and reduced immune system functioning. Side effects specific to men include shrinking of the testicles, reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, and increased risk for prostate cancer People who compare themselves to unrealistic images are likely to experience body image dissatisfaction, mental health issues, and threats to healthy physical functioning. Instead of striving for the perfect body, begin to identify the positive parts of yourself and enjoy the body you have

16. The average American woman is 5’4” tall and weighs 140 pounds. The average American model is 5’11” tall and weighs 117 pounds. The average size of the “ideal” woman, as portrayed by models, has become progressively thinner over the years and has stabilized at around 20% below the average weight. This thin ideal is unachievable for most women. A 1995 study found that three minutes spent looking at models in a fashion magazine caused 70% of women to feel depressed, guilty, and ashamed. It is estimated that 40-50% of American women are trying to lose weight at any point in time. One out of every four college aged women has an eating disorder. Almost half of all women smokers smoke because they see it as the best way to control their weight. Of these women, 25% will die of a disease caused by smoking. At age thirteen, 53% of American girls are “unhappy with their bodies.” This grows to 78% by the time girls reach seventeen.

17. In a sample of male and female high school students, girls had higher body dissatisfaction scores than boys on all measures. Girls reported magazines as their primary source of information regarding diet and health. Boys reported their parents as their primary source of information. These are the typical messages girls can expect to get from women’s magazines: women’s magazines A majority of girls in a 1999 study (59 percent) reported dissatisfaction with their body shape, and 66 percent expressed a desire to lose weight. Only 29 percent of the girls were overweight. At 5′9” tall and weighing 110 lbs, Barbie would have a BMI of 16.24 which is considered severely underweight. Because of her ridiculous proportions (39” bust, 18” waist, 33” thighs and a size 3 shoes!), if she was a real woman, she wouldn’t be able to walk upright – she would have to walk on all fours. Note that the target market for Barbie Doll sales are girls ages 3 to 12. Nearly 11.7 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed in the United States in 2007. Women had nearly 10.6 million cosmetic procedures, 91% percent of the total.

18. ANOREXIA & BULIMIA

22. Symptoms of Anorexia dramatic weight loss; refusal to maintain the minimal normal body weight for one’s age and height basing self-worth on body weight and body image frequent skipping of meals, with excuses for not eating eating only a few foods, especially those low in fat and calories making meals for others, but not eating the meals themselves frequent weighing of oneself and focusing on tiny fluctuations in weight wearing baggy clothing to cover up thinness excessive focus on exercise frequent looking in the mirror for flaws even when thin, complaining about being overweight

26. Symptoms of Bulimia Secrecy surrounding eating and the time period after eating, to allow for binging and then purging. Frequent trips to the bathroom after meals, signs and/or smells of vomiting, evidence of laxatives or diuretics. Going to the kitchen after everyone else has gone to bed to binge. Excessive desire for privacy in the bedroom or bathroom. Odd eating behaviors, such as avoidance of eating with others; unpredictable and sudden dietary likes and dislikes; skipping of meals; taking very small portions when eating with others; consuming a lot of water or diet soda (to make vomiting easier); cutting food into very small bites; chewing food excessively. Eating unusually large amounts of food, with no apparent change in weight. The disappearance of large amounts of food, or numerous empty wrappers or containers in the garbage. Excessive, rigid exercise regimen – However, it is difficult to distinguish a serious athlete from an athlete with bulimia. Both may train excessively and not eat enough to compensate for the caloric usage

27. Complex lifestyle schedules or rituals to make time for binge-and-purge sessions. Typical behaviors are using mints or gum to cover up the smell of vomit, running water in the bathroom to conceal the sound of vomiting, or always going to the bathroom after meals. Poor body image; preoccupation with body weight, weight loss, dieting, and control of food – Wearing of baggy clothes to hide the body. A distorted body perception. Avoidance of looking in mirrors. Discolored or callused finger joints or backs of the hands – Jamming the fingers down the throat to induce vomiting may damage the outer surfaces of the hands. Tooth and mouth problems, such as discolored and decalcified teeth, and sensitive, swollen, and bleeding cheeks and gums. These are caused by vitamin deficiencies and by the stomach acid that comes up with vomit. Stomach pain and intestinal irregularities, such as constipation and diarrhea. Irregular or nonexistent menstrual periods (in females).

28. Helping Someone with an Eating Disorder Encourage the person to seek help.  A person with an eating disorder may not be aware of the seriousness of the condition. The person may also deny that the problem exists and may not want to be helped. Tell an adult.  You can talk to your parent or guardian, the school nurse, a counselor, or another trusted adult to see if they can help the person.

29. Get professional help.  Psychological problems are usually the cause of eating disorders. The person with the disorder requires professional help. Sometimes family members are also encouraged to meet with the counselor. Encourage the person to join a support group.  Support groups provide encouragement to people with eating disorders and help them on the road to recovery. Recommend a follow-up.  Eating disorders can recur and could become a lifelong problem. Follow-up visits to counselors and support groups are an important part of the recovery process.

32. Over-eating! Over-eating or binging can also be an eating disorder. Eating too much can do just as much damage to your body.

33. Questions!!! Define Anorexia Nervosa Define bulimia What are two symptoms of anorexia? What are two symptoms of bulimia? How might family and friends help someone with an eating disorder? What are some other eating disorders?