1. AP AMERICAN GOV’T
DILEMMAS OF DEMOCRACY

2. Government
Government is the legitimate use of force within specific geographic boundaries to control human behavior.
The oldest objective of government is to protect life and property.
Public goods are those things provided for free by the government.
Examples include sanitation, education, highways, etc.

3. DEMOCRACY
Democracy was originally considered undesirable. It meant “mob rule”.
Gov’t derives its power from the governed.
The word is not used in the Constitution or the Declaration of Independence.

4. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
Thomas Jefferson (based on John Locke’s principles)
We, as citizens, enter into an agreement with the government allowing it to create rules that set boundaries for our behavior and protect our life, liberty, and property.
If the gov’t goes too far w/ that power, we as citizens can dissolve that government.

5. TWO TYPES OF DEMOCRACY
Direct- used in Ancient Greece. People en mass decide every issue regarding the gov’t. Fairly impractical in larger societies.
Representative- (Republican form of gov’t) - the people elect leaders to represent them in gov’t and make decisions on their behalf.

6. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
If those who we elect do not listen to our wishes, we have the ability, and responsibility to vote them out of office.
Unfortunately, we do not participate, for various reasons, so our elected officials generally ignore us.
James Madison had a take on representative democracy that he noted in Federalist paper #10.

7. FEDERALIST #10
Madison said that “factions” (groups) would arise, and form, in an effort to take control of the government.
This would be good because all ideas would be presented and the best idea benefiting the greatest number of people would ultimately prevail.
Due to the lack of participation of the people, modern times views these factions as interest groups who influence most policies passed by government officials.

8. DEMOCRACY AS AN IDEAL
Personal Liberty- most powerful value in American history.
Self determination- everyone must have the opportunity to succeed.
Americans favor equality of opportunity NOT equality of outcome.
We are NOT for economic equality.
Popular consent- gov’t dervies all of its power from the consent of the governed.

9. ELEMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION
Separation of powers- this established the individual powers of the three branches.
Checks and balances- this prevents any of the three BRANCHES from gaining too much power.
Federalism- established the power of the LEVELS of gov’t (Federal vs. State)
Due process- All citizens are treated equally by the law

10. THREE CONCEPTS OF GOVERNMENT
The three concepts of government are freedom, order, and equality.
The original dilemma of democracy pits FREEDOM VS. ORDER.
As citizens, how much of our freedom should we give up to ensure that we are protected by the government.
How has this changed since 9/11?

11. FREEDOM FREEDOM FROM VS. FREEDOM OF
Freedom of = rights that cannot be taken from you.
Examples- freedom of speech, religion, etc.
Freedom from = what the gov’t is responsible to provide for you.
Examples- freedom from fear, want, hunger.
The government is responsible to provide things equally to all of its citizens

12. ORDER
The government maintains order and security for your person and property.
Based on John Locke’s “2nd Treatise on Government”.
Basic objective of government is to protect life, liberty, and property.
HUGE influence on Declaration of Independence and the founding fathers.

13. EQUALITY TWO TYPES Political equality- one person, one vote
Social equality- determined by wealth, education and status.
Those with more social equality have more power.

14. Modern Dilemma of Gov’t
FREEDOM VS. EQUALITY
How much of our freedom should citizens give up to ensure that all citizens are treated equally.
Very controversial
Examples: school busing, ADA of 1990, social services (entitlements)
People favor Freedom over equality

15. Two theories of government
Procedural view (process democrats)- concerned with how government makes decisions.
3 questions:
1) who participates? All citizens
2) How much should each vote count? Political vs. social equality
3) How many votes are needed to make decision? Majority vs plurality.
Responsiveness of elected officials based on participation of citizens.

16. Substantive view of democracy
Also known as principle democrats
Substance of government policy- what is the government doing?
It requires that all government policies must meet a basic criterion- they must guarantee civil liberties and civil rights.
Liberty- behavior (speech,expression)
Right- power of privilege (vote)

17. Models of Democracy Majoritarian- government by the people
Key is popular election:
1) choose wisely
2) re-elect or vote out based on performance
FLAW- assumes citizens are knowledgeable and want to participate
Closest we have at national level is during presidential elections (>50% voter turnout)

18. Majoritarian democracy
Three examples at the state level
1) initiative- puts policy issue on ballot by gaining signatures
2)Referendum- creates a vote to remove a law based on signatures.
3) recall- removing an elected official through a vote of the people (after petition)
States differ in which they allow.

19. Pluralist Model
Pluralist model of democracy is government by some of the people
Groups compete against each other to gain power and influence policy.
They form based on shared religion, ethnicities, culture, occupation, beliefs, etc.
They usually form into interest groups
They spend money, time, and resources to influence policies to benefit their group.
They can have influence at all levels of gov’t (fed, state, or local).

20. ELITE THEORY
Small identifiable group makes most important gov’t decisions.
Examples:
1) Wealthy corporations control the agenda
2) Military industrial complex- they trump all groups in time of conflict
3) mass media- controls flow of information; pushes liberal agenda

21. Summary of theories of democracy
Majoritarian
RARE
Pluralist
Most common
Elitism
Most powerful
Government by all the people
Government by some of the people
Government by a few of the people
Citizens band together to control policies.
Interest groups compete for power based on policy.
Same powerful group controls policies when it wants to.

22. Political Ideology
Definition- consistent set of values and beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government.
The continuum stretches from anarchy (no government) to totalitarianism.
Most of the argument in American politics takes places in the center of this ideological continuum.

23. Main ideologies of USA Liberals- Equality > freedom > order
Support social programs, environmental policies, stronger federal government
Conservatives-order>freedom >equality
Support national defense, stronger state government, free enterprise

24. Other ideologies Libertarians- Freedom > Equality & Order
Oppose all gov’t action except which is necessary to protect life and property.
Communitarians- Order & Equality > Freedom
More socialist in nature.