1. Latin America: Culture, Society, & Prosperity in the Liberal Era, 1860-1920 1750-1914 Lesson 6

2. Main Ideas: Economic links to and immigration from Europe led to a prosperous imitative high culture for elitesEconomic links to and immigration from Europe led to a prosperous imitative high culture for elites As Latin America struggled to keep pace with the West, its societies struggled to come to terms with liberal reform and traditional practiceAs Latin America struggled to keep pace with the West, its societies struggled to come to terms with liberal reform and traditional practice Economic circumstances led to a form of “economic imperialism” in the regionEconomic circumstances led to a form of “economic imperialism” in the region

3. Remember… Most Spanish colonies independent in 1821; Brazil independent in 1822Most Spanish colonies independent in 1821; Brazil independent in 1822 United States (Monroe Doctrine) & Britain (navy) the regional power by 1815United States (Monroe Doctrine) & Britain (navy) the regional power by 1815 Liberalism in vogue by 1860’s but struggles with traditional elites (caudillos, army, Church)Liberalism in vogue by 1860’s but struggles with traditional elites (caudillos, army, Church)

4. Elite Culture in the Liberal Era European & American influencesEuropean & American influences – Napoleonic Neo- Classicism Romanticizing of liberty & “the simple life” (but not too much)Romanticizing of liberty & “the simple life” (but not too much) Popular culturePopular culture – Music & dance

5. Social Inconsistencies Liberalist struggles vs. traditional societyLiberalist struggles vs. traditional society Race & EthnicityRace & Ethnicity – criollos, mestizos, & Indios GenderGender – rights & limitations for women elite vs. lower-class elite vs. lower-class EducationEducation – extent of public education – urban vs. rural – gender equality

6. Single-Export Economies Remember:Remember: – “Neo-colonial” economies after independence – Reasons for failures to diversify Lack of financial resources Lack of financial resources Passive resistance from partners (USA & GBR) Passive resistance from partners (USA & GBR) Fear of disrupting the system—diversification not in interests of elites! Fear of disrupting the system—diversification not in interests of elites!

7. Impacts of the Export Economy Centralized political & economic powerCentralized political & economic power Market determinants outside of regionMarket determinants outside of region Foreign Direct Investment:Foreign Direct Investment: – Britain: oil, beef – US: fruit, coffee, rail Tendency for wealth & corruptionTendency for wealth & corruption

8. “El Norte” The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary Military actionsMilitary actions – United Fruit Co. (Central America) – Spanish-American War, 1898 The Panama Canal (1900)The Panama Canal (1900)

9. Latin America Entering the 20 th Century Republican oligarchiesRepublican oligarchies Revolutionary tendencies: Mexico, Argentina, BrazilRevolutionary tendencies: Mexico, Argentina, Brazil Reform evident, but often misplaced or minimally successfulReform evident, but often misplaced or minimally successful