1. The Federalist Era
Book Ends: Washington’s Inauguration to Jefferson’s Election
Theme: Stabilized the nation, fixed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Major Events: Whiskey Rebellion, French Revolution abroad, XYZ Affair
Formation of Political Parties, Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

2. Essay hint
Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation.
Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

3. I. Domestic Affairs

4. George Washington

5. The First Executive Branch

7. 1st Congress Adopted the Bill of Rights
Judiciary Act 1789, set up federal court system, empowered to rule on constitutionality of state courts
Passed Hamilton’s Financial program (Beard Thesis?)

8. What caused political parties to form in the early republic, 1789-1800?

9. Hamilton’s Financial Plan
Funding National debt at Par (paying back all the money they said they would) to establish good credit
Assumption of State Debts
Unfair to South, so a Compromise located and built the nation’s capital in the South, Washington DC
Tariffs (tax on imports to raise revenue to pay off war debt)
Excise Tax on Whiskey
National Bank to promote business

10. Memory aide: (Befat is not a real term and should never be used in an essay!)
B ank
E xcise tax on whiskey
F unding the national debt
A ssuming the state debts
T ariff

11. Who was Alexander Hamilton?
Rap

12. Battle for the National Bank:
Provisions:
Federal Treasury would deposit its surplus revenues in the bank and print urgently needed paper money providing a stable national currency. 
Opposition:
Jefferson strongly opposed the bank
on strict interpretation of the Const.
Hamilton argued loose construction
“elastic clause” (Implied Powers)
Provided for passing any laws "necessary & proper“ to carry out the powers vested in the various governmental agencies.”
Bank issue sparked division

14. The Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
SW Penn. backcountry folks hard hit by Hamilton's excise tax.
Torched buildings, tarred & feathered revenue officers, tax collections came to a halt
Washington led army of 13,000 to crush rebellion, no opposition
Significance: Showed federal gov. could handle uprisings and Const. worked

15. "...if the laws are to be so trampled upon with impunity, and a minority...is to dictate to the majority, there is an end put at one stroke to republican government...for some other man or society may dislike another law and oppose it with equal propriety until all laws are prostrate, and everyone will carve for himself."
- George Washington's observation about the Whiskey Rebellion

16. Today on Divorce Court

17. Birth of the Party System
Founding Fathers in 1787 did not envision the existence of political parties. (Federalists & Anti-Federalist were not formal parties, but factions)
By , two well-defined groups had crystallized:                 i.  Hamiltonian Federalists                 ii. Jeffersonian Republicans

18. Federalists Believed in gov. by the upper class
Distrusted the common people, “Mobocracy” 
Supported a strong central government 
Encouraged business and manufacturing
Pro-British in foreign policy 

19. Jeffersonians (Democratic-Republicans, or Republicans)
Advocated the rule for the common person
Biggest appeal was to the middle and lower class: yeoman farmers, laborers, artisans, and small shopkeepers.
Economy: Promoted an agrarian economy
Pro French in foreign policy

20. Hamilton and Jefferson Disagree (What a surprise !!! More disagreement)

21. II. Foreign Affairs

22. Foreign Policy
French Revolution # 1 issue from , eventually became a world war (Reign of Terror => Napoleon)
Washington's Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war between Britain and France, set foreign policy precedent for next 125 years

23. Citizen Genet, 1793
French envoy/ profiteer  undertook to entice  U.S. profiteers to outfit French ships and supply the French war cause; he recruited Americans
Washington demanded his withdrawal & Genet was replaced.

24. Jay’s Treaty (1794) Averted war with Britain
1. British renewed their pledge to remove their posts from U.S. soil (as in 1783)
2. British consented to pay damages for recent seizures of American ships and US pay pre-Revolution debts to British Merchants
3. British refused stop impressments
Significance: Most important immediate cause for formation of the Democratic-Republican party. 

25. Jay’s Treaty “Damn John Jay! Damn everyone that won’t damn John Jay!
put lights in his window
and sit up all night damning
John Jay!

26. Pinckney Treaty of 1795
Granted free navigation of the Mississippi River to the U.S. including right of deposit at the port city of New Orleans from Spain

27. Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796
Stay away from political parties and foreign entangle-ments

28. Electoral Votes-1796

29. John Adams (Federalist), 1796-1800
"Quasi-War" with France
French started to seize American ships as a reaction to Jay’s Treaty
Full-blown war seemed imminent; Adams kept U.S. out by the Convention of 1800, greatest accomplishment, yet hurt him politically

30. XYZ Affair, 1797 
Adams sent a delegation to Paris to discuss the conflict
U.S. delegates secretly approached by three French agents, "X,Y, & Z"
French demanded a large loan and a bribe of $250,000 for the privilege of talking to French foreign minister Talleyrand.
Negotiations broke down
War hysteria swept the U.S.
“Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”

32. Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798
Purpose: Federalists passed a series of oppressive laws in 1798 that would reduce the power of Jeffersonians and silence anti-war opposition
Alien Acts- Raised residence requirements for U.S. citizenship from 5 yrs to 14 yrs.
Sedition Act-Anyone who impeded the policies of gov or falsely criticized its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment. (Free speech, 1st Amend?)
(Political, expired on March 4, 1801)

34. Matthew Lyon Career was an example of emerging partisanship
Spat tobacco juice on Federalist Roger Griswold
After Lyon was not expelled from Congress, Griswold attacked Lyon with a cane
Lyon later wrote an article criticizing President Adams' 'continual grasp for power' and his 'unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and selfish avarice.‘
Jailed for sedition, he spent the winter in a jail in Vermont and was denied heat and a window that would close and constantly was taunted, but won his re-election campaign for the House
Only man ever to win a Congressional election while in jail.
Matthew Lyon

35. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798
Jefferson and Madison were the secret authors
Republicans believed States had right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congress, Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional
Nullification: States had right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congress
Compact theory – states made the Union and can leave when wants, final authority
Significance: Later used by Southerners to support secession

36. Let’s practice

37. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s.

38. Intro Background info on political parities Thesis statement
Framers of the Constitution did not foresee political parties arising
Factions: Federalists & Anti-Federalists
Thesis statement
The primary cause for the rise of Federalist and Republican political parities in American politics in the 1790’s was the divide over allegiance between Britain and France, while disagreements over Hamilton’s financial program further exasperated domestic tensions.

40. Foreign Affairs Jay’s Treaty- British
British (Federalist) vs. French (Republican)
Washington (Fed)
Not side with French, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet
Jay’s Treaty- British
Adams (Fed)
XYZ Affair
Quasi Naval War with France

41. Domestic Affairs Washington (Fed) Adams (Fed)
Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat)
Bank #1, loose vs. strict constructionist
Whiskey Rebellion
Adams (Fed)
Alien & Sedition Acts
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

42. Conclusion
Washington’s Farewell Address: Stay away from Political Parities and Foreign Alliances
Revolution of Jefferson
Hartford kills off Federalists
Era of Good Feelings, , one party rule

43. To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly named the “Revolution of 1800”? Respond with references to TWO of the following areas:
Economics
Foreign Policy
Judiciary
Politics

44. Economics- Moderate Before: Hamilton’s Financial Program (Befat)
Cut debt down in ½, Gallatin. slashed Navy & Army budgets
Revoked excise taxes,
Agrarian economy, buys LP land for them
Embargo Act, Rise of manufacturing
Long Run: Clay’s American System
Bank
Internal Improvements
Tariff, protectionist

45. Foreign Policy- Yes, big change
Before 1800, Fed Pro-British w/ Jay’s Treaty, Anti-French, XYZ Affair, Quasi-War
After 1800, more anti-British
Pro-French- Louisiana Purchase, Macon’s Bill # 2
War 1812
Impressment
Chespeake Incident- Embargo Act- Non-Intercourse Act
Invaded Canada

46. Judiciary- No Revolution, Marshall (Fed) Court in charge
Adams, midnight judges, stuffed the court
Jefferson attacked the courts, Samuel Chase
Marshall promoted federalist rights of a strong central gov. and business
TJ would prefer States nullify, Vir & Kent Res.
Marshall Cases:
Marbury v. Madison, judicial review
McCulloch v. Maryland- implied powers
Gibbons v. Ogden- right to regulate commerce
Fletcher v. Peck- right of contract
Dartmouth v. Woodward- right of contract

47. Politics- Yes Peaceful transfer of power from Federalist
Federalist die off, Hartford Convention, never have a President again
TJ-Madison-Monroe
Controlled Congress too
Era of Good Feelings- One party rule

48. Essay hint
Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following:
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions ( )
Hartford Convention ( )

49. How effective was the Constitution at solving the problems of the Articles of Confederation at governing a new nation? Please limit your answer from 1781 to 1800.
Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790’s.
Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson

50. Essay hint
Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following:
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions ( )
Hartford Convention ( )

53. Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

54. Some historians have argued that a high tax burden on the colonists caused the Americans to rebel in Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

55. Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

56. Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.