1. UNIT 2: CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

2. GOALS CONSTRUCT A HIERARCHY OF LIFE FROM CELLS TO ECOSYSTEMS RELATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY TO CURRENT TRENDS IN CELLULAR BIOLOGY COMPARE AND CONTRACT EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES

3. CELL HIERARCHY CELLTISSUEORGANORGAN SYSTEMORGANISM Smallest unit of life Groups of cells with similar function Two or more types of tissues that work together Group of organs that carry out a set of functions Has several organ systems that function together Ex: Skin cellEx: MuscleEx: HeartEx: Respiratory systemEx: Human picture picture picture picture picture

4. ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK USED SINGLE-LENS MICROSCOPE TO OBSERVE POND WATER FOUND TINY LIVING ORGANISMS

5. THEODOR SCHWANN* GERMAN BIOLOGIST WHO STATED THAT ALL ANIMALS WERE MADE OF CELLS

6. MATTHIAS SCHLEIDAN* GERMAN BOTANIST THAT STATED ALL PLANTS WERE MADE OF CELLS

7. RUDOLPH VIRCHOW* GERMAN DOCTOR CONCLUDED THAT NEW CELLS WOULD BE PRODUCED ONLY FROM THE DIVISION OF NEW CELLS

8. CELL THEORY ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF CELLS CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN LIVING THINGS NEW CELLS ARE PRODUCED FROM EXISTING CELLS CENTRAL PIECE OF EQUIPMENT: MICROSCOPE

9. NUCLEUS LARGE MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED STRUCTURE THAT CONTAINS DNA

10. PROKARYOTES CELLS THAT DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS SMALLER SIMPLER BACTERIA

11. EUKARYOTES CELLS THAT DO CONTAIN A NUCLEUS LARGER MORE COMPLEX DNA IN NUCLEUS, MANY INTERNAL STRUCTURES

12. GOALS DESCRIBE THE ROLE OF ORGANELLES, RIBOSOMES & CYTOSKELETON COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURES OF AN ANIMAL CELL TO A PLANT CELL

13. WHAT’S AN ORGANELLE? THINK OF IT AS A “CELL ORGAN” ONLY FOUND IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

14. NUCLEUS CONTAINS THE CELL’S DNA SURROUNDED BY NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

15. RIBOSOMES ASSEMBLE (PUT TOGETHER) PROTEINS BY FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE NUCLEUS SMALL PARTICLES OF RNA & PROTEIN FOUND IN THE CYTOPLASM OR ON THE ROUGH ER SMALL MACHINE IN A FACTORY

16. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (MAKING PROTEINS) RIBOSOMES ARE ON THE SURFACE…THAT’S WHAT MAKES IT ROUGH! PROTEINS LEAVE THE RIBOSOMES, GO INTO THE ROUGH ER

17. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM NO RIBOSOMES ON SURFACE CONTAINS ENZYMES SYNTHESIZE (MAKE) MEMBRANE LIPIDS DETOXIFY DRUGS

18. GOLGI BODIES PROTEINS GO FROM ROUGH ER TO GOLGI APPARATUS MODIFIES, SORTS AND PACKAGES PROTEINS THEN SHIPS PROTEINS TO THEIR FINAL DESTINATION

19. LYSOSOMES FILLED WITH ENZYMES BREAKDOWN LIPIDS, CARBS AND PROTEINS BREAKDOWN OLD ORGANELLES THINK OF THEM AS THE “CLEAN UP CREW”

20. VACUOLES STORE MATERIALS LIKE WATER, SALTS, PROTEINS AND CARBS SACLIKE STRUCTURE CAN BE FOUND IN SOME SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS FOR MOVEMENT

21. CENTRAL (LARGE) VACUOLE PLANT CELLS HAVE SINGLE LARGE VACUOLE FILLED WITH LIQUID GIVES STRENGTH TO PLANTS TO HOLD UP LEAVES AND FLOWERS

22. MITOCHONDRIA CELL “POWER HOUSE” TWO MEMBRANES CONVERT CHEMICAL ENERGY FROM FOOD INTO COMPOUNDS THE CELL CAN USE ONLY INHERITED FROM MOM

23. CHLOROPLAST FOUND IN PLANTS CAPTURE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT AND CONVERT IT TO CHEMICAL ENERGY PHOTOSYNTHESIS THINK OF “SOLAR POWER PLANTS” TWO MEMBRANES CONTAIN PIGMENT (COLOR)-CHLOROPHYLL

24. MOVING ON TO STRUCTURE… MICROTUBULE-HOLLOW STRUCTURES MADE OF PROTEINS, HELP WITH CELL SHAPE MICROFILAMENT-THREADLIKE STRUCTURES MADE OF PROTEIN

25. CENTRIOLES LOCATED NEAR THE NUCLEUS FOUND IN PAIRS ORGANIZE CELL DIVISION (MITOSIS/MEIOSIS) MADE OF MICROTUBULES NOT FOUND IN PLANT CELLS

26. CELL WALL FOUND IN PLANTS PROVIDES SUPPORT AND PROTECTION FOR THE CELL MADE OF CELLULOSE (WHICH IS A CARB!) WOOD AND PAPER

27. CELL (PLASMA) MEMBRANE DETERMINES WHAT ENTERS AND EXITS THE CELL PROVIDES PROTECTION AND SUPPORT COMPOSED OF LIPID BILAYER (DOUBLE-LAYERED SHEETS)

28. CYTOPLASM THICK SOLUTION-THINK OF “GOO” MADE OF WATER, SALTS AND PROTEINS PORTION OF THE CELL OUTSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS

29. CYTOSKELETON IN EUKARYOTES HELPS SUPPORT THE CELL (SHAPE) HELPS WITH MOVEMENT-CILIA AND FLAGELLA THINK OF HAIR AND TAILS MADE UP OF MICROFILAMENTS & MICROTUBULES

30. PLANT VS. ANIMAL CELL

32. GOALS RELATE THE FUNCTION OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE TO ITS STRUCTURE COMPARE AND CONTRAST ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS: DIFFUSION OSMOSIS ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS PHAGOCYTOSIS PINOCYTOSIS

34. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER BASIC LIPID: HYDROPHILIC-WATER LOVING (POLAR) HYDROPHOBIC-WATER FEARING (NONPOLAR)

35. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER TWO LAYERS OF LIPID MOLECULES FOUND IN ALL CELL MEMBRANES BARRIER FOR THE CELL (ALLOWS THINGS IN AND OUT) ONLY ALLOWS WATER AND GAS TO PASS THROUGH FREELY LARGE AND SMALL POLAR MOLECULES CANNOT CROSS WITHOUT HELP

36. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

38. PROTEINS ALLOW FOR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CELLS TWO TYPES IN MEMBRANE: INTEGRAL-EMBEDDED, SPAN THE ENTIRE MEMBRANE PERIPHERAL-ON EDGE OF MEMBRANE, MOVE MORE FREELY TRAVEL! ALSO CAN TRANSMIT SIGNALS

40. CARBOHYDRATES ATTACHED TO PROTEISN OR LIPIDS OUTSIDE CELL MEMBRANE PROVIDES CUSHIONING AND PROTECTION FOR THE MEMBRANE HELPS WITH CELL RECOGNITION

42. CHOLESTEROL HELPS TO KEEP FLUIDITY POSITIONED BETWEEN PHOSPHOLIPIDS PREVENTS POSSIBLE CRYSTALLIZATION MADE UP OF 4 RINGS (STRUCTURE)

44. TRANSPORT HTTPS://YOUTU.BE/5GSGEHT7_ME

45. GOALS COMPARE AND CONTRAST ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT DIFFUSION OSMOSIS ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS PHAGOCYTOSIS PINOCYTOSIS

46. PASSIVE TRANSPORT NO ENERGY REQUIRED MOVE FROM AN AREA THAT IS MORE CONCENTRATED TO LESS CONCENTRATED WITH THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT EX: DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS

47. DIFFUSION PARTICLES MOVE FROM MORE CONCENTRATED TO LESS

48. EQUILIBRIUM CONCENTRATION OF THE SOLUTE IS THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE SYSTEM Equilibrium

49. OSMOSIS DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

50. OSMOSIS

51. ACTIVE TRANSPORT ENERGY IS REQUIRED MOVE FROM AN AREA THAT IS LESS CONCENTRATED TO MORE CONCENTRATED AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT EXAMPLES: ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS

52. ENDOCYTOSIS TAKING THINGS INTO THE CELL BY FOLDING THE CELL MEMBRANE PHAGOCYTOSIS: EXTENSIONS FROM CYTOPLASM SURROUND A PARTICLE AND PACKAGE IT IN A FOOD VACUOLE. THE CELL THEN ENGULFS IT (THINK OF THE CELL AS EATING IT ) PINOCYTOSIS: CELLS TAKE IN WATER AND POCKETS FORM IN THE MEMBRANE. THEY PINCH OFF TO FORM VACUOLES IN THE CELL.

54. EXOCYTOSIS MEMBRANE OF A VACUOLE STICKS TO CELL MEMBRANE AND FORCES THE CONTENTS OUT OF THE CELL

55. ENDOCYTOSIS VS. EXOCYTOSIS