1. Cells
Unit 5

2. 1. MC.2.B.1—Construct a hierarchy of life from cells to ecosystems.

3. HIERARCHY OF LIFE

4. Cell: smallest functional unit of life
HIERARCHY OF LIFE
Cell: smallest functional unit of life
Ex. Heart cell (cardiac muscle cell)
Tissue: made of similar cells that have the same function
Ex. Cardiac muscle tissue

5. Organ: made of tissues that work together
HIERARCHY OF LIFE
Organ: made of tissues that work together
Ex. Heart
Organ system: made of organs that work together
Ex. Cardiovascular System

6. Organism: individual living thing
HIERARCHY OF LIFE
Organism: individual living thing
Ex. Human

7. 2. NS.12.B.4—Relate the development of the cell theory to current trends in cellular biology.

8. CELL THEORY 3 parts to the cell theory:
1. The cell is the basic unit of life
2. All living things are made of cells
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells

9. CELL THEORY Robert Hooke (1635- 1703)
Observed sections or cork through a microscope.
Called them cells

10. CELL THEORY Anton van Leeuwenheok (1632-1723)
Observed tiny living things in drops of pond water.
One of the first to observe cells through a microscope.

11. CELL THEORY
Theodor Schwann stated that all animals are made of cells. (1839)

12. CELL THEORY
Matthais Schleiden stated that all plants are made of cells. (1839)

13. CELL THEORY Rudolph Virchow (1821-1902)
German scientist who discovered that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

14. CELL THEORY
Central piece of equipment: MICROSCOPE

15. 3. MC.2.B.2—Relate Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

16. PROKARYOTES single-celled organisms; unicellular No nucleus
DNA floats in cytoplasm
Small, simple
Only contain DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
Example: bacteria

17. EUKARYOTES Usually multi-celled; can be single-celled Has a nucleus
DNA contained in nucleus
Larger, more complex
Has lots of different organelles
Example: animals, plants,
fungi, & protists

18. Eukaryote or Prokaryote?

27. 4. MC.2.B.3—Describe the role of sub-cellular structures in the life of a cell: organelles, ribosomes, cytoskeleton

28. Nucleus: Controls the cell Contains the DNA (instructions)
Has nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.

29. Smooth ER:
Makes lipids
Looks like noodles
No ribosomes attached

30. Rough ER:
Transports and edits proteins
Has ribosomes attached to it

31. Golgi Bodies:
Packages and transports proteins to their final destination.
Like a post office

32. Mitochondria: Makes energy (ATP) for the cell Cellular respiration
Do not say it is the powerhouse of the cell unless you can explain why.

33. Lysosome: Has digestive enzymes and cleans the cell
Gets rid of toxins and wastes.

34. Vacuole:
Stores liquid, food, and wastes.

35. *Chloroplast: Makes glucose for plant cells photosynthesis
*This structure is in plant cells, but not animal cells.

36. *Central vacuole: (large vacuole)
Large vacuole in plant cells
Holds mostly water
Provides more support for the cell
*This structure is in plant cells, but not animal cells.

37. Centrioles: Help with cell division
Located in the centrosome when the cell is not dividing.
Only in animal cells

38. *Cell Wall: Found in plant cells Gives the cell more structure
Made of cellulose
*This structure is in plant cells, but not animal cells.

39. Cell (plasma) membrane:
Surrounds the cell
Selectively permeable
Allows some, not all, substances in/out of the cell.

40. Cytoplasm: Jelly-like oozy substance inside the cell
Includes everything except the nucleus.

41. Cytoskeleton:
Protein filaments inside the cell that provide internal structure and hold organelles in place.

42. Ribosomes: Small structures that make proteins
Could float in cytoplasm or be attached to rough ER.

43. 6. MC.2.B.5—Compare and contrast the structures of an animal cell to a plant cell.

45. Plant vs. Animal Cells Plant Only Animal Only Both Plant & Animal
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Central vacuole
Centrioles
Both Plant & Animal
All other organelles
Both are eukaryotic

46. 5. MC.2.B.4—Relate the function of the plasma (cell) membrane to its structure.

47. Cell Membrane:

48. Phospholipid bilayer: Structure
Makes the majority of the cell membrane
Made of phospholipids
Each has a polar head & 2 nonpolar tails
Arranged in 2 rows w/ tails in.
Flexible

49. Phospholipid bilayer: Function
Encloses the cell (boundary)
Protects and supports cell
Regulates what enters/leaves
Selectively permeable

50. Proteins: Structure
Can be embedded in the membrane or along the side

51. Proteins: Function
Helps molecules and materials that are too big or have a charge to cross the membrane.

52. Carbohydrates: Structure
Attach to the outside of the cell

53. Carbohydrates: Function
ID tag
Identifies what kind of cell it is

54. Cholesterol: Structure
Lipids that are embedded within the phospholipid bilayer

55. Cholesterol: Function
Provides added structure and support to the membrane

56. 7. MC.2.B.7—Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport mechanisms: diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis.