3.  Both chemical (via salivary amylase) and mechanical digestion (teeth) take place in the mouth (chewing is mastication)  Salivary amylase breaks down starch via mixing with saliva  Chewed food is called a bolus once ready to swallow  Salivary reflexes are controlled by cranial nerves VII and IX and its parasympathetic control

5.  Deglutition is the term for swallowing  Two phase process  Phase one: Buccal Stage  Takes place in mouth, its when food is prepared for swallowing  Phase Two: Pharyngeal-Esophageal Phase:  Transport of food via peristalsis through the pharynx and esophagus

7.  Parasympathetic division of the nervous system controls this process  Vagus nerve is the main nerve  Food can only move down to the stomach since all other openings are closed off and peristalsis only moves one way (to stomach)

9.  Food enters the stomach via the cardioesophageal sphincter  Gastric juices are released in response to the smell, taste, and sight of food  This prepares the stomach for the bolus which is coming down the esophagus  HCl is also released in response to rising GASTRIN levels (hormone released by stomach cells in response to food)

11.  Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogens (protein digesters), mucus, and HCl.  Stomach releases mucus to protect itself from the HCl and enzymes that would digest it  HCl will activate the pepsinogen and convert it into pepsin which is the active protein digesting enzyme in the stomach

12.  Rennin (second protein digesting enzyme) is released to work on dairy products (active in infants and children primarily)  Walls of the stomach churn to mechanically digest the food  The bolus is converted into a cream called chyme  3ml of chyme moves into the duodenum per contraction of the stomach  Takes 3-6 hours to empty the stomach

14.  Fat digestion begins here, and all other digestion is completed  Brush-Boarder enzymes (associated with microvilli) complete carb digestion and protein digestion  Pancreatic juice is released into the intestine to assist and complete digestion

15.  Pancreatic juice consists of starch digesters (pancreatic amylases), protein digesters (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase), and all fat digesters (lipases), as well as nucleic acid digesters (nucleases)  Also contains bicarbonate ions to neutralize the chyme from the stomach  Secretin and cholecystokinin control the release of pancreatic juices and bile

17.  Bile is released from the gallbladder to emulsify fats  Nutrients and water are absorbed as the chyme moves through  Wastes, ions, and water is all that should be left at the end of the small intestine (ilium)

18.  Bacteria in the colon will metabolize any remaining nutrients which produces gas  Vitamins B and K are produced and absorbed  Ions and water are absorbed  Feces is removed in mass movements as necessary  Materials can stay between 12 and 24 hours