2. Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to know. MacromoleculePolymerMonomer

4. What do these words mean?

5. So What Is A Macromolecule? You should be able to define it on your own !

6. Next Word…..

7. Polygons Polyester

9. What does “Mono” mean?

10. Polymer- many monomers put together Monomer- can join together to make polymers.

11. A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER EXAMPLE of MONOMER A TRAIN? A NECKLACE? If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

12. A Polymer Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are…. EXAMPLE of POLYMER EXAMPLE of MONOMER A TRAINTHE CARS A NECKLACEEACH LINK or PEARL If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

13. Now you and a buddy need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its monomers.

15. Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

16. Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are: 1____________________ 2____________________ 3____________________ (0 grams in this product) (13 grams in this product) (9 grams in this product)

17. The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS

18. LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES They are the main source of ENERGY for the body. They are our fuel! They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose. THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

19. CARBOHYDRATES In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)--------------------------------------------------- In animal products- in MILKIn animal products- in MILK

20. CARBOHYDRATES THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES Simple Complex

21. Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers. They also taste sweet. gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us/academics/science/Staff/cooper/THE%20BIG%204%20JOURNAL%20PACKET.doc

22. Simple Sugars

23. Complex Carbohydrates are polymers made up of many monomers. Most also taste starchy.

24. Complex Carbohydrates gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us/academics/science/Staff/cooper/THE%20BIG%204%20JOURNAL%20PACKET.doc

25. CARBOHYDRATES Monomers called monosaccharides. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…

26. The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us/academics/science/Staff/cooper/THE%20BIG%204%20JOURNAL%20PACKET.doc

27. CARBOHYDRATES Each carbohydrate is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

28. What does it look like??

29. NOW ONTO PROTEINS They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them They make up antibodies in the immune system They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions They makeup hormones THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, hormones, structural molecules

30. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

31. Hair, Skin, and Nails

32. Microscope View of Skin and Nails This is skinThis is a nail

33. Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are in one place in the body and then put into the blood to be used in another. These are where the hormone producing glands are located in your body.

34. The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box. Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy. If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be very thin and have a hard time putting on weight. If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it. Don’t be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight, chances are it’s actually your eating and exercise habits! (The yellow stuff is thyroid hormone)

35. PROTEINS In plant foods- in the cell membranesIn plant foods- in the cell membranes In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

36. Proteins

37. Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

38. PROTEINS Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…

39. PROTEINS Each protein is made up of… THINK: “CHONS”

40. The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string Amino Acid chain All wound up

41. LIPIDS ARE NEXT They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future. They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection. They produce hormones for the body called STEROIDS They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes! THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, stored energy, cushion…

42. LIPIPS…Some interesting info Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out. The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves. Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage. Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

43. LIPIDS…Some interesting info There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are: SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS CHOLESTEROL Like testosterone and estrogen They increase muscle

44. LIPIDS…Some interesting info Some anabolic steroids are illegal And can be dangerous and very unhealthy NATURAL STEROIDS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.

45. Very Common Effects of Illegal Steroids If used when the person is still growing, they will be shorter as an adult, anabolic steroids will decrease bone growth. Males will experience shrinking of the testicles, and with prolonged use, the steroid will be turned into estrogen in the male body and it will start to lay fatty tissue on the chest, otherwise known as breasts. If genetically predisposed to becoming bald, balding will happen more quickly. If clean needles are not readily available, there is a significantly higher risk of getting AIDS. Future risks of liver cancer & disease. Enlarged heart which can lead to death

46. Illegal Steroid Use in Women Some additional effects… Breasts will decrease in size, the opposite of what happens to men. The woman will start to grow facial hair, how quickly depends on her genetic makeup. If she discontinues use, the facial hair will still continue to grow. If she is genetically predisposed to balding, she will start to lose her hair, just as if she was genetically male. Her voice will start to deepen, how quickly depends on her genetics. If she discontinues use, her voice will remain deep.

47. LIPIDS In plants- in the seedsIn plants- in the seeds--------------------------------------------------- In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animalsIn animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue, in animals--------------------------------------------------- Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

48. LIPIDS

49. Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C H C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C O O C H H O O C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H O O C C H C H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H H 1 glycerol3 fatty acidsand LIPIDS

50. The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter E This is a triglyceride molecule

51. LIPIDS Each carbohydrate is made up of… THINK: “CHO”

52. FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS

53. NUCLEIC ACIDS THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA

54. very large linear molecules examples: DNA and RNA contain C, H, N, O, P sugar phosphate nitrogen base nucleotide store genetic information, help to make proteins made up of nucleotides (a sugar, phosphate and a N- base) DNA molecule sugar phosphate nitrogen base

55. NUCLEIC ACIDS Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of Which contain a sugar, phosphate and base.

56. The shape of a nucleic acid is:

57. What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates? What are the functions of carbohydrates? Name examples of carbohydrates. monosaccharide (simple sugars) energy storage (short-term), structure or support glucose, starch, cellulose

58. What are the molecules that make up lipids? What are the functions of lipids? Name examples of lipids. glycerol and fatty acids energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones body fat, oils, waxes

59. What is the monomer (subunit) for protein? What are the functions of protein? Name examples of proteins. amino acids structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

60. What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids? What are the functions of nucleic acids? Name examples of nucleic acid. nucleotides store genetic information, help to make proteins DNA, RNA What are the compounds in a nucleotide? sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base