1. The Structure of the Earth Internal Structure and Heat

2. Reminders 4.6 billion years ago earth formed –Gas and dust collected inward by the pull of gravity Earth grew – Accretion occurred –Earth’s gravity pulled in small planetismals and meteorites –Called the Cold Accretion Theory

3. Video: What’s Inside the Earth: An Introduction to the Earth’s Interior Crust and Mineral Resources (25 min) C:\Documents and Settings\lisa.perley\Desktop\SPhysical Geography\Unit4EarthsInterior\What_s _Inside_the_Earth___An_Introduction _to_the_Earth_s_Interior__Crust__and _Mineral_Resources.asfC:\Documents and Settings\lisa.perley\Desktop\SPhysical Geography\Unit4EarthsInterior\What_s _Inside_the_Earth___An_Introduction _to_the_Earth_s_Interior__Crust__and _Mineral_Resources.asf

4. Question Sheet 1. Scientists are able to measure to determine what’s inside the earth by analyzing shock waves as they travel through the earth. 2. Earth’s interior layers: inner core, outer core, mantle and outer shell 3. Plates 4. Cracks in the earth’s crust. 5. Earthquakes are caused by sudden movement along a fault. 6. Form of seismic waves

5. Question Sheet – cont’d 7. Fault block mountains 8. Folded mountains 9. Lava before it reaches the earth’s surface. 10. Lava that erupts through a large crack in the earth’s surface in the form of a curtain. 11. Igneous rock 12. Metamorphic rock

6. In Class Activity Read p. 51 to 52 (Planet Earth) Identify 3 sources of heat that led to the formation of the Earth’s hot interior Copy Figure 4.1 a –Radioactive decay: A major source of energy from below Copy Figure 4.1 b –Radioactive Elements in the Earth’s Interior

7. Sources of Internal Energy 3 Sources of Energy that led to the Earth’s hot interior: 1) Kinetic energy of moving bodies striking the Earth (think meteorite impacts) 2) Compression of rock materials due to enormous pressure from material above *3) The decay of unstable, radioactive elements within the rock of the earth * This continues to be the major source of heat. Uranium, thorium, potassium

8. Table 4.1b –Long term radioactive elements believed to still be decaying today Uranium 238 Uranium 235 Thorium 232 Potassium 40

9. Question: Question: Explain why the Earth’s interior will eventually cool and become solid, like the interior of the moon. Answer: 1) The long-term radioactive elements will eventually run out. 2) Once there is no more fuel, the heat source will be gone and the cooling will begin. When things cool, they will solidify.

10. Earth’s Internal Heat No one really knows the temperature of the Earth’s center –Key: Temperature and pressure increase with depth Rate at which temperature increases with depth is known Thus can be calculated mathematically –Mantle: 870 degrees Celsius –Outer core: 4400 degrees Celsius –Inner core: 7000 degrees Celsius

11. A Layered Earth: Internal Structure Earth: diameter about 12, 750 km 3 Main layers: –Crust Compared to an egg: Egg shell –Mantle Compared to an egg: Egg white –Core Compared to an egg: The Yolk

12. Crust Outermost layer Rigid and thin compared to the other two Ranges from 0 to 100 km thickness –Oceanic Crust Beneath the ocean – about 5 km thickness –Continental Crust Beneath the continents – average 30 – 40 km thickness Beneath the mountains – as deep as 100 km thickness

13. Mantle Two parts: upper (outer) and lower (inner) mantle Dense, hot layer of semi-solid rock approximately 2900 km thick Described as a solid that flows Contains more magnesium, calcium and iron than the crust Hotter and denser because temperature and pressure increases with depth

14. Core Center Twice as dense as the mantle Two distinct parts –Outer core 2200 thick liquid Molten Fe (iron) and Ni (nickel) –Inner core 1250 km thick solid Solid Fe with some Ni

15. Structure of the Earth

16. How did the layers form? -Look at Table 4.2 -These are the major elements that make up the Earth -The higher the mass, the greater the density -What is the element with the highest density and the greatest percentage? -Iron -Where do you find iron? -Inner / outer core

17. Figure 4.2 Major Elements that make up Planet Earth

18. Formation of Layers cont’d In the beginning, states were molten / liquid –Differentiation took place Heavy elements moved inward (due to gravity) towards the core Lighter elements moved outward towards to the crust Time: few 100 million years

19. Differentiation of Early Earth a) early Earth (4.6 b.y.) had uniform composition and density b) heat generated by gravitational contraction, collisions with debris in its orbital path and decay of radioactive elements results in (partial) melting; during molten phase dense elements sink to collect in core and lighter silicate minerals flow upward to form mantle and crust c) differentiation results in layered planet, and emission of gases supplies material for early atmosphere and oceans

20. Composition of Layers Crust –Oceanic Crust – basically basalt ^basalt – very liquid lava that has cooled quickly Note: The majority of the crust has been made through volcanic activity –Continental Crust Upper part: basically granite Lower part: basalt and diorite Mantle –Upper / outer Mantle – liquid rock, mainly silicates of iron and magnesium –Lower / inner Mantle – solid, mainly sulphides and *silicates of silicon and oxygen *silicate – minerals that contain mostly silicon, oxygen and other minerals Core –Inner Core – solid, mainly iron and nickel –Outer Core – liquid, mainly iron and nickel

23. Earth’s Layered Structure Division by Physical Properties 1. Lithosphere –Rigid, outermost layer Made up of the crust and the upper part of the mantle –Averages 80 km thickness over the Earth –Two types of lithosphere Oceanic lithosphere Continental lithosphere –Divided into dozen or so rigid plates that move relative to one another –“Plate” of Plate Tectonics

24. Lithosphere

25. 2. Asthenosphere –100 to 700 km deep –Relatively narrow, mobile zone in the upper mantle below the lithosphere –Composed of hot, semi-solid material which can soften and flow (subjected to high temperatures and pressures over geologic time) –Undergoes convection (circulates) Believed that the lithosphere floats or moves about the asthenosphere –The convection of the asthenosphere is what moves the plates

26. 3. Mesosphere (middle / lower mantle) Found between the asthenosphere and the outer core Largest layer of the earth More solid than the asthenosphere due to higher pressures

27. Video: Forces that shape the earth (28 minutes)