1. The Sonnet

2. A short history of the sonnet The term “sonnet” derives from the Italian “sonetto”, a “little sound or song”. The first examples are those written by Iacopo da Lentini in 1230; The sonnet establishes its importance as a poetic form with Petrarch’s “Canzoniere” (started in 1335); Petrarch describes his love for his beloved Laura using the typical features of courtly love. The poet is a man who suffers because of a disdainful lady who is beautiful, and often cruel; He feels contrasting sensations: happiness or sorrow, love or hatred according to the presence or absence of the lady or to his different states of mind;

3. Italian sonnet rigid structural form: the poet is asked to express his thoughts and feelings in fourteen lines Petrarchan sonnet Fourteen iambic pentameters divided into: two stanzas, one octave and one sestet, usually rhyming: ABBAABBA. CDECDE or CDCDCD (even if the rhyme scheme sometimes varies). The function of the octave is: to introduce a problem or a situation The function of the sestet is: to provide an answer or comments on the situation and expresses the personal feelings of the poet.

4. The sonnet in England Sir Thomas Wyatt (1500 – 1542) – first English poet to introduce the Italian sonnet to England. Initially, he simply translates the poems into English; then, to adapt the Italian pattern to the English language, he leaves the octave unchanged and modifies the sestet dividing it into a quatrain and a couplet. The Petrarchan theme of love remains unchanged. With the Earl of Surrey (c. 1517-1547) the final couplet becomes separate from the quatrain and comments on the previous twelve lines. Surrey also changes the octave into two quatrains with different rhymes; Sometimes Wyatt’s quatrain and couplet seem more like a sestet;

5. The final pattern that distinguishes the Elizabethan sonnet from the Petrarchan one consists of three quatrains and a couplet, and its rhyme scheme is: ABAB-CDCD-EFEF-GG. The couplet is always epigrammatic: it has the function of:  summing up the subject matter dealt with in the previous twelve lines or...  reversing the meaning previously discussed. The fortune of the genre is due to the publication of “Astrophel and Stella” (1591) - a sequence of sonnets by Philip Sidney. A sonnet sequence is a series of sonnets on a particular theme addressed to a particular person. Fortune

6. The sonnet in England Theme The commonest theme is love and in the case of Sidney, his love with Stella. In accordance with Petrarch’s model, it is a conflictual love, full of tenderness and bitterness, hatred and possession. Another important sequence of sonnets is the one written by Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) entitled “Amoretti”, where the poet celebrates his lady and, at the same time, deals with the theme of immortality gained through poetry by both the poet and his beloved. Spenser’s “Amoretti” Shakespeare’s sonnets Published in 1609 but written in the last decade of the 16 th century, they are the greatest collection of English sonnets. They are clearly influenced by the Italian and classical tradition but, at the same time, they are also highly original.

7. Metaphysical poets Their works are characterised by: elaborate style search for the unusual intellectualism most famous representative of metaphysical poets: John Donne Cavalier poets Their works are characterised by: classical elegance clarity most famous representative of Cavalier poets: Ben Jonson

8. A fourteen-line poem in iambic * pentameter. Main characteristics of sonnets A carefully patterned rhyme scheme. Invented by the Italian Iacopo da Lentini in the first half of the 13th century. Introduced into England by Sir Thomas Wyatt. Two types of sonnet: Petrarchan and Shakespearean. * Iamb: Type of foot made up of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one

9. 14 lines of iambic pentameter Division into 2 sections: the octave presents a problem or situation the sestet solves or clarifies the situation Division into 4 sections: 3 quatrains present a problem or situation a couplet solves or summarizes the problem. Rhyme scheme: ABABABAB or ABBAABBA for the octave CDECDE or CDCDEE for the sestet Rhyme scheme: ABAB Quatrain I CDCD Quatrain II EFEF Quatrain III GG Couplet Table of comparison Petrarchan sonnet Shakespearean sonnet

10. Chivalric poem Very popular during the Renaissance period The Christian epic poem The temptation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden and man’s loss of paradise are the main themes of this poem. Developed in France and Italy and then spread all over Europe The “Faerie Queene” (1591- 1596) by Edmund Spenser is the best example of this genre in England In his work, the poet creates an imaginary world in which knights, ladies, fairies, gods and goddesses tell fantastic tales through which he celebrates Queen Elizabeth and her court. The allegorical form of the poem allows the poet to contrast Protestant England with her Catholic enemies such as the Vatican The most important example of Renaissance epic is John Milton’s “Paradise Lost”. The influence of Greek and Roman literature as well as of Christian humanism are quite evident in Milton’s masterpiece