2. Introduction To Ecclesiastes

3. An Introduction of Ecclesiastes Theme Theme All efforts and measures to find happiness, meaning and purpose in the difficulty of life apart from God is a waste of time and effortAll efforts and measures to find happiness, meaning and purpose in the difficulty of life apart from God is a waste of time and effort It provides the reader with the benefit of the wisdom and experience of an older man who has attempted to find meaning in meaningless things and concludes that these things set apart from walking with God are fruitlessIt provides the reader with the benefit of the wisdom and experience of an older man who has attempted to find meaning in meaningless things and concludes that these things set apart from walking with God are fruitless

4. An Introduction of Ecclesiastes Theme Theme Key word Key word “Vanity” (Futility or meaninglessness)“Vanity” (Futility or meaninglessness) Uniqueness of the book Uniqueness of the book The text’s place in the Bible The text’s place in the Bible

5. The Hebrew Old Testament Arrangement The Law The Prophets The Writings GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomy Former prophets Poetical Books JoshuaJudgesSamuelKingsPsalmsProverbsJob Five Rolls (Megilloth) Latter Prophets Song Of Songs RuthLamentationsEstherEcclesiastes IsaiahJeremiahEzekiel The Twelve Historical Books DanielEzra-NehemiahChronicles

6. An Introduction of Ecclesiastes Theme Theme Key word Key word Uniqueness of the text Uniqueness of the text The text’s place in the Bible The text’s place in the Bible Title Title Hebrew = QoheletHebrew = Qohelet Greek = EkklesiastesGreek = Ekklesiastes Latin = EcclesiastesLatin = Ecclesiastes

7. Qohelet Gatherer of God’s People Hebrew = Qohelet Hebrew = Qohelet “to convoke an assembly, to assemble”“to convoke an assembly, to assemble” Greek = Ekklesiastes Greek = Ekklesiastes Derived from the root ekklesiaDerived from the root ekklesia “one who stands before an assembly; a preacher”“one who stands before an assembly; a preacher” Latin = Ecclesiastes Latin = Ecclesiastes “speaker before an assembly”“speaker before an assembly”

8. The Preacher Unity Unity Reasons for questioning the single authorship of Ecclesiastes:Reasons for questioning the single authorship of Ecclesiastes: The literary form of the book The literary form of the book The seeming contradictions of the text The seeming contradictions of the text

9. Multiple Writer Theories Three writers Three writers QoheletQohelet An orthodox “editor” (probably a member of the Hasidim)An orthodox “editor” (probably a member of the Hasidim) Another “sage” (hakam “wise man”) who inserts the more traditional proverbsAnother “sage” (hakam “wise man”) who inserts the more traditional proverbs

10. Multiple Writer Theories Three writers Three writers Two writers Two writers QoheletQohelet A narratorA narrator Prologue (1:1-1:11) Prologue (1:1-1:11) Epilogue (12:8-12:14) Epilogue (12:8-12:14)

11. Multiple Writer Theories Three writers Three writers Two writers Two writers Single writer Single writer

12. The Preacher Unity Unity Authorship Authorship

13. Identification of Qohelet A title rather than a proper name A title rather than a proper name Facts about the word: Facts about the word: Derived from the verb qahalDerived from the verb qahal Often used as a noun (one who assembles)Often used as a noun (one who assembles) Active participleActive participle Gender = feminineGender = feminine The sons of Solomon's servants: the sons of Sotai, the sons of Sophereth, the sons of Peruda (Ezra 2:55; Neh. 7:57) The sons of Solomon's servants: the sons of Sotai, the sons of Sophereth, the sons of Peruda (Ezra 2:55; Neh. 7:57) Cophereth (OT: 5618) (so-feh'-reth); feminine active participle of OT:5608; a scribe (properly, female); Sophereth, a temple servant Cophereth (OT: 5618) (so-feh'-reth); feminine active participle of OT:5608; a scribe (properly, female); Sophereth, a temple servant

14. Solomon as an “Assembler” Solomon is connected with the verb root “qhl” in 1 Kings 8 Solomon is connected with the verb root “qhl” in 1 Kings 8 Now Solomon assembled the elders of Israel and all the heads of the tribes, the chief fathers of the children of Israel, to King Solomon in Jerusalem,…Therefore all the men of Israel assembled with King Solomon…(1 Kings 8:1-2)Now Solomon assembled the elders of Israel and all the heads of the tribes, the chief fathers of the children of Israel, to King Solomon in Jerusalem,…Therefore all the men of Israel assembled with King Solomon…(1 Kings 8:1-2) Then the king turned around and blessed the whole assembly of Israel, while all the assembly of Israel was standing. 1 Kings 8:14Then the king turned around and blessed the whole assembly of Israel, while all the assembly of Israel was standing. 1 Kings 8:14 Then Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD in the presence of all the assembly of Israel, and spread out his hands toward heaven; 1 Kings 8:22Then Solomon stood before the altar of the LORD in the presence of all the assembly of Israel, and spread out his hands toward heaven; 1 Kings 8:22 Then he stood and blessed all the assembly of Israel with a loud voice, saying: 1 Kings 8:55Then he stood and blessed all the assembly of Israel with a loud voice, saying: 1 Kings 8:55

15. The Great Debate Who is Qohelet? Who is Qohelet? When did he write the book of Ecclesiastes? When did he write the book of Ecclesiastes?

16. Arguments Against a Solomonic Authorship The date of the book based on linguistics The date of the book based on linguistics Solomon’s apostate condition Solomon’s apostate condition The enigmatic statements in regard to governmental injustice The enigmatic statements in regard to governmental injustice

17. Arguments For Solomonic Authorship Title of the writer (1:1, 12) Title of the writer (1:1, 12) Self description: Self description: Wealth, power & prestige (2:9; 1 Kings 10:14-29)Wealth, power & prestige (2:9; 1 Kings 10:14-29) Wisdom (1:16; 2:9; 1 Kings 3:9)Wisdom (1:16; 2:9; 1 Kings 3:9) Solomon as an “assembler” of God’s people (1 Kings 8) Solomon as an “assembler” of God’s people (1 Kings 8)

18. The Expositors Bible Commentary “The tradition of David as singer and psalmist is borne out by an early reference at Amos 6:5 and is taken seriously in the light of the lament for Saul and Jonathan (2 Sam. 1:17- 27). We ought to take Solomon’s reputation for wisdom equally seriously and see his court as the center that drew wise men from all quarters to discuss problems of living in a difficult world (1 Kings 4:34).”

19. The Preacher Unity Unity Authorship Authorship Date Date

20. Two Theories on the Date Early (1000 BC =/-) Late (3 rd -4 th Century BC)

21. Linguistic Indications of a Late Date Persian influence Persian influence I made myself gardens (uwpardeecyim) and orchards, and I planted all kinds of fruit trees in them. (Eccl 2:5)I made myself gardens (uwpardeecyim) and orchards, and I planted all kinds of fruit trees in them. (Eccl 2:5) Because the sentence (pitgam) against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil. (Eccl 8:11)Because the sentence (pitgam) against an evil work is not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil. (Eccl 8:11)

22. Linguistic Indications of a Late Date Persian influence Persian influence Aramaic influence Aramaic influence 42 “aramaisms” in the text42 “aramaisms” in the text Not yet understood in the days of Hezekiah [716-687] (2 Kings 18:26)Not yet understood in the days of Hezekiah [716-687] (2 Kings 18:26) Other Aramaic texts in the Old Testament (Jer. 10:11; Dan. 2:4- 7:28; Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26; Gen. 31:47 [?])Other Aramaic texts in the Old Testament (Jer. 10:11; Dan. 2:4- 7:28; Ezra 4:8-6:18; 7:12-26; Gen. 31:47 [?])

23. Linguistic Indications of a Late Date Persian influence Persian influence Aramaic influence Aramaic influence Classic Hebrew vs. post-exilic Hebrew Classic Hebrew vs. post-exilic Hebrew Linguistic updatingLinguistic updating

24. The Preacher Unity Unity Authorship Authorship Date Date Origin & Destination Origin & Destination Literary form Literary form Theological considerations Theological considerations

25. The Great Experiment! And I set my heart to seek and search out by wisdom concerning all that is done under heaven; this burdensome task God has given to the sons of man, by which they may be exercised. (Eccl 1:13) And I set my heart to seek and search out by wisdom concerning all that is done under heaven; this burdensome task God has given to the sons of man, by which they may be exercised. (Eccl 1:13) And I set my heart to know wisdom and to know madness and folly. I perceived that this also is grasping for the wind. (Eccl 1:17) And I set my heart to know wisdom and to know madness and folly. I perceived that this also is grasping for the wind. (Eccl 1:17)

26. The Great Experiment! I said in my heart, "Come now, I will test you with mirth; therefore enjoy pleasure"; but surely, this also was vanity. I said of laughter -- "Madness!"; and of mirth, "What does it accomplish?" I searched in my heart how to gratify my flesh with wine, while guiding my heart with wisdom, and how to lay hold on folly, till I might see what was good for the sons of men to do under heaven all the days of their lives. I made my works great, I built myself houses, and planted myself vineyards. (Eccl 2:1-4)

27. The Great Experiment! Whatever my eyes desired I did not keep from them. I did not withhold my heart from any pleasure, For my heart rejoiced in all my labor; And this was my reward from all my labor. Then I looked on all the works that my hands had done And on the labor in which I had toiled; And indeed all was vanity and grasping for the wind. There was no profit under the sun. (Eccl 2:10-11)

28. Ayn Rand “My philosophy, in essence, is the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute.”