1. Sandi Levinson E-mail: slevinson@kaplan.edu AIM: slevinson4kaplan

2. Unit 8 Assignments: Readings Announcements on Course Home page Power Up Text Chapter 10, page 82 Reading and Note Taking reading on pages 2 of Readings Additional Resources found on page 3 of Readings (Optional) Learning Activities View the Reading and Note Taking PowerPoint Complete the Reading Activity Play Jeopardy to review for the Unit 8 Exam Discussion Participate in the discussion Seminar Participate in the live seminar or complete Option 2 Exam Complete the Unit 8 Exam, which covers Units 5-8

3. Sandi Levinson Kaplan University In this unit, you will learn different note taking systems that can be used to help you organize and remember the information from your reading assignments. You will also learn how to organize your thoughts, ideas, and supporting information in outline form. You will also learn ways to increase your reading comprehension.

4. Motivation Concentration Use of a good Reading Method

5. Motivation To understand the material for future use To commit to being a life-long learner To be able to share information with others To earn a good grade To complete the course To earn a degree To advance in career Concentration Time management – schedule enough time Place – free of distractions The Use of a Good Reading Method

6. Who – Who wrote the story? Is this person an expert? What – What is the main idea of the writing? What do I expect to learn? What am I looking for as I read? When – When was this written? When is the assignment due? Where – Where was this written and is that information relevant? Where will I read this assignment? Why – Why did the author write this? Why am I reading this? How – How did the author organize the information? How will I manage my time to get this done?

7. What does it stand for?

9. Determine the structure or organization of the chapter. Think about the title. Guess what will be included in the chapter. Read the introduction. The main ideas will help you understand or make sense of the details. Read the main-headings (boldface type). Here are the main ideas. Read the summary. Here is the relationship among the main ideas. Read the questions at the end of the chapter. These will help you to identify important parts of the chapter. How can this step be helpful?

10. Turn each heading and subheading into a question. Especially while you are practicing this technique, write the questions down. This gives you a focal point for crystallizing a series of ideas (the answer). YOU ARE LOOKING FOR SOMETHING RATHER THAN SIMPLY LOOKING AT WORDS. Take one section at a time. Keep answers brief. Use your own words. How can this step be helpful?

11. Read only that section. Look for the answers to your questions. Move quickly. Sort out ideas and evaluate them. If content does not relate to the question, give it only a glance. READ SELECTIVELY. How can this step be helpful?

12. Answer the question in your own words, not the author's. Then write the answer using only key words, listings, etc. that are needed to recall the entire idea. Follow the above technique for each section of the chapter. How can this step be helpful?

13. Increase retention and cut cramming time by 90% by means of immediate and delayed review. See review notes under the heading "Taking Lecture Notes." Try a variety of methods. 3x5 cards oral recitation study groups. How can this step be helpful?

14. Actively reading a text ensures that you get from it what you need… It keeps you focused during your precious and limited study time… It’s the surest route to maximizing your learning while minimizing your time spent… It’s a key time management tool, which also makes it a stress management tool!

15. Set realistic time goals and number of pages to be read. Divide your chapter into small (1/2 page? 1 column?) sections, rather than try to read the whole chapter nonstop. Ask yourself a question before each paragraph or section, then seek its answer. This will give you a definite purpose for your reading. Try inverting the subheading or first sentence into question form, using "who," "what," "when," or "how" if necessary.

16. Just like any other work, you need to take breaks when you feel unable to stay with the material due to daydreaming, drowsiness, boredom, hunger, etc. After a short break, you can return to your reading with more energy and alertness.

17. How can using critical reading and effective note-taking skills help you study more effectively and save time?

18. The Cornell Method The Cornell method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without laborious recopying. After writing the notes in the main space, use the left-hand space to label each idea and detail with a key word or "cue.“ Method - Rule your paper with a 2 ½ inch margin on the left leaving a six-inch area on the right in which to make notes. During class, take down information in the six-inch area. When the instructor moves to a new point, skip a few lines. After class, complete phrases and sentences as much as possible. For every significant bit of information, write a cue in the left margin. To review, cover your notes with a card, leaving the cues exposed. Say the cue out loud, and then say as much as you can of the material underneath the card. When you have said as much as you can, move the card and see if what you said matches what is written. If you can say it, you know it.

19. Cornell Method developed close to 50 years ago by a professor at Cornell University provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes without re-writing everything on the page. Left Hand Column use the left-hand space to label each idea fill in missing information (such as highlighted points, diagrams, examples) detail with a key word or "cue." Method Rule your paper with approximately a 2 ½ inch margin on the left leaving a six-inch area on the right in which to make notes. After reading assignment, complete phrases and sentences as much as possible. For significant information, write a cue in the left margin. It is here that you include diagrams, maps, and other highlighted points as well.

20. Review Your Notes To review, cover your notes with a card, leaving the cues exposed. Say the cue out loud, and then say as much as you can of the material underneath the card. When you have said as much as you can, move the card and see if what you said matches what is written. If you can say it, you know it. Advantages This is an organized and systematic method used for recording and reviewing notes. It has an easy format for pulling out major concept and ideas. It is simple and efficient. This method saves time and effort. Can use all other note taking methods in the right hand column Disadvantages NONE What to look for in readings bold, underlined, or italicized words information in boxes or with an icon/symbol headers/sub headers on the page words, ideas, or events that might be on a test quotes, examples, or details you might be able to use later in a paper or presentation charts, diagrams

22. The Outlining Method Dash or indented outlining is usually best except for some science classes such as physics or math. The information which is most general begins at the left with each more specific group of facts indented with spaces to the right. The relationships between the different parts are carried out through indenting. No numbers, letters, or Roman numerals are needs. Method – Listening and then write in points in an organized pattern based on space indention. Place major points farthest to the left. Indent each more specific point to the right. Levels of importance will be indicated by distance away from the major point. Indention can be as simple as or as complex as labeling the indentations with Roman numerals or decimals. Markings are not necessary as space relationships will indicate the major/minor points.

23. I. The Outlining Method A. Professional B. Clear C. Concise II. When to Use? A. When information is presented in an organized fashion B. When you are preparing to write a paper or project III. How to use A. Roman numerals are used for key points B. Capital letters are used for the minor points. C. Numbers are used for sub-points D. For Points under each sub-point, lowercase letters are used.

24. IV. Advantages A. Very organized system B. Records content as well as relationships. C. Reduces editing D. Easy to review by turning key points into questions. V. Disadvantages A. Requires a lot of thought during the reading process for accurate organization. B. May not show relationships by sequence when needed. VI. When to Use A. If the reading or lecture is presented in an organized way. 1. Deductive (regular outline) 2. Inductive (reverse outline where minor points start building to a major point). B. This method can also be used when organizing the structure for papers and projects.

26. The Mapping Method Mapping is a method that uses comprehension/concentration skills and evolves in a note taking form which relates each fact or idea to every other fact or idea. Mapping is a graphic representation of the content of a lecture. It is a method that maximizes active participation, affords immediate knowledge as to its understanding, and emphasizes critical thinking.

27. Mapping Method What is it? Pros Review by covering lines for memory drill and relationships. Helps you to visually track the information from the reading assignment. Helps you to visually track the information from the reading assignment. Relationships can easily be seen. Easy to edit your notes by adding numbers, marks, and color coding. You may not see changes in content from major points to facts. – Use this method when the content of the reading assignment is heavy and well- organized – Use this method when the content of the reading assignment is heavy and well- organized Cons When to Use. Main points can be written on flashcards and pieced together into a table or larger structure. Graphic representation of the content in the reading assignment It is a method that maximizes active participation, and emphasizes the reader’s critical thinking skills.

28. The Charting Method If the lecture format is distinct (such as chronological), you may set up your paper by drawing columns and labeling appropriate headings in a table. Method – Determine the categories to be covered in lecture. Set up your paper in advance by columns headed by these categories. As you listen to the lecture, record information (words, phrases, main ideas, etc.) into the appropriate category.

29. Charting Method What to do ProsConsUse? If the content presented in the reading assignment is distinct (such as chronological), you may set up your paper by drawing columns and labeling appropriate headings in a table. The first step is to determine the categories to be covered in the reading or lecture. The next step is to set up your paper in advance with columns headed by these categories. As you read, record information (words, phrases, main ideas, etc.) into the appropriate category. The first step is to determine the categories to be covered in the reading or lecture. The next step is to set up your paper in advance with columns headed by these categories. As you read, record information (words, phrases, main ideas, etc.) into the appropriate category. Charts help you track discussions where you would normally be overwhelmed with the material. They reduce the amount of writing necessary. They provide an easy review mechanism for both memorization of facts and study of comparisons and relationships. There are few disadvantages to using this method except learning how to use the system and locating the appropriate categories. You must be able to understand the purpose of the reading assignment and how the content is organized. This method should be used when you will be tested on both facts and the relationships between facts. It is effective when the content is heavy and when you want to reduce the amount of time you spend editing and reviewing. It is helpful to use when you want to get an overview of the main points discussed in the reading.

30. The Sentence Method Method – Write every new thought, fact or topic on a separate line, numbering as you progress. When to Use – Use when the lecture is somewhat organized, but heavy with content which comes fast. You can hear the different points, but you don’t know how they fit together. The instructor tends to present in point fashion, but not in grouping such as “three related points.” Example 1 – A revolution is any occurrence that affects other aspects of life, such as economic life, social life, and so forth. Therefore revolutions cause change. (See page 29-30 in your text about this.) Sample Notes – Revolution – occurrence that affects other aspects of life: e.g., econ., socl. Etc. C.f. text, pp. 29-30 Example 2 – Melville did not try to represent life as it really was. The language of Ahab, Starbuck, and Ishmael, for instance, was not that of real life. Sample Notes – Mel didn’t repr. Life as was; e.g. lang. Of Ahab, etc. no of real life.

31. Assist in comprehension and formulation of questions Summarize or organize, to see “the big picture” Create review materials Create reference materials Help with memorization

32. Argument: I have a photographic memory; I don’t have to take notes. Answer: Relying on memory alone can cause errors, which can be costly both at school and work. Argument: I’m an auditory learner, so I don’t note- taking will help. Answer: Both visual and kinesthetic learners can benefit for sharpening note-taking skills. Visual people can “see” the notes. Auditory learners can use a tape recorder, then play their notes back. Kinesthetic learners have to “create” the notes.

33. Index Cards Main ideas are written on one side of the card and details are written on the back. Pros: Can be used as flash cards for self-quizzing Cons: Proper storage required so cards don’t get lost Resource: http://www.ivcc.edu/red0902/Notes/notecards.htmhttp://www.ivcc.edu/red0902/Notes/notecards.htm Additional Hints for Note Taking Use color coding for emphasis Use keywords and phrases rather than sentences Be selective – don’t write everything down (use critical thinking skills) Review notes immediately after class

34. Abbreviation involves using shortened versions of words to represent the complete form of the word. This technique is called “gleaning.” When you glean, you can omit vowels, shorten words, and use symbols to represent words. Of course, don’t shorten or abbreviate so much that you can’t go back and figure out what you wrote!

35. Try math and science symbols. Examples: + plus // parallel Don’t forget standard abbreviations. Examples: eg example IT dept Information Technology department Try just the first syllable. Examples: mar marketing cus customer cli client Use as many symbols as you can to shorten transitions. Examples: @ at 2 to 4 for & and w/ with w/o without vs against

37. Note-taking is an important skill to develop. For one thing it will help you organize the information you gather during your reading and research, which will make writing your paper easier. For another, proper note-taking can help prevent plagiarism. If you take notes carefully, you can track: details about your source (author, title, page, etc.) which information came from which source, which words in your notes are direct quotes, which ideas are your own etc.

39. Draw pictures Draw pictures When reviewing, walk around When reviewing, walk around

40. Color (highlighters, markers, pencils) Color (highlighters, markers, pencils) Charts Charts Diagrams Diagrams Graphs Graphs Post It Notes Post It Notes

41. Read out loud while writing the notes Read out loud while writing the notes Read notes aloud when reviewing Read notes aloud when reviewing

42. Analyzing our own learning styles Analyzing our own learning styles Trying different approaches to see what works for us Trying different approaches to see what works for us Creating our own system by combining those elements we like best Creating our own system by combining those elements we like best

43. "The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more you learn, the more places you'll go." — Dr. Seuss, "I Can Read With My Eyes Shut!"