1. Seismic and Aseismic Slip During Hydraulic Fracturing 02-01-12 Stephen Perry

2. Sources Seid Bourouis and Pascal Bernard. Evidence for coupled seismic and aseismic fault slip during water injection in the geothermal site of Soultz (France), and implications for seismogenic transients. (2007). Cornet et al. Seismic and Aseismic Slips Induced by Large-Scale Fluid Injections. (1997). Calò et al. Large-scale aseismic motion identified through 4-D P-wave tomography. (2011).

3. Road Map Basics of Hydraulic Fracturing: – Explain how the process works – Methods to determine in-situ stresses and tensile strength Soultz Experiment – Findings of induced seismicity – Does the overall slip make sense for the observed seismicity? – Seismic vs. Aseismic Slip and its effect on repeating earthquakes

4. Goals of Hydraulic Fracturing Characterize hydraulic behavior of rock Determine in-situ stress field Fundamentals of Structural Geology 2005.

5. Pressure and Flow Rate vs. Time Pressure -> Flow Rate -> Fundamentals of Structural Geology 2005.

6. Calculating Tensile Strength Stress State:σ = P + S H - 3S h – Fluid Pressure Required for Tension: P > 3S h - S H – Pressure Required to Cause Fracture: P = P c = 3S h - S H + T – Pressure to Reopen Fracture: P = P r = 3S h - S H – Tensile Strength: T = P c - P r +S H (tension) -3S H (compression) Uniaxial Compression by a stress S H Realistic Stress Field +S H - 3S h -3S H + S h

7. Finding the Principal Stresses – Vertical Principal Stress: S v = ρgD – Smaller Horizontal: S h = P s – Larger Horizontal: S H = 3P s - P c + T = 3P s - P r

8. 1993 Soultz Water Injection Experiment Bourouis and Bernard 2007.

9. Fluid Injection Rates and Surface Pressure Cornet et al. 1997.

10. Loss of Water at Depth Cornet et al. 1997.

11. Recorded Induced Seismicity Cornet et al. 1997.

12. Slip on the Borehole The slip vector S was determined to be 1.3 cm on this section of the borehole Cornet et al. 1997.

13. Can the Earthquake Catalog Explain this Slip? Shear Stress Drop:Δσ = 7π/16*G*D/a 9 MPa = 7π/16*(2*10 4 MPa)*(4 cm)/ (a) a ≈ 122 m Moment Magnitude:M 0 = G*S*D = 16/7*Δσ*a 3 M 0 = 16/7 * (90*10 6 dyne/cm 2 ) * (122*10 2 cm) 3 M 0 = 3.73 * 10 20 dyne-cm The magnitude 1.9 earthquake is assumed to have a moment magnitude of 5.4 * 10 18 dyne-cm No, it cannot explain the slip….there must be aseismic slip

14. Bourouis Examination of Multiplets Bourouis and Bernard 2007.

15. Cumulative Slip and Pressure vs. Injection Rate Each color represents a different multiplet. We can see their cumulative slip along with the injection rate and pressure at the well head at the time Time Bourouis and Bernard 2007.

16. Time Dependence of Seismicity The time decay of the seismic rate decays as 1/t 0.85 Bourouis and Bernard 2007.

17. Indications on Friction Law The time evolution of reloading is consistent with reloading being driven by creep and creep being governed by rate-strengthening friction with friction: μ α log(v)

18. Extra Slides

25. Stresses on the Borehole Fundamentals of Structural Geology 2005.