1. Assessing Hypothesis Testing Fit Indices Kline Chapter 8 (Stop at 210) Byrne page 68-84

2. Fit Indices It’s complicated yo. – There are a lot of them. – They do not imply that you are perfectly right. – They have guidelines but they are not perfect either. – People misuse them. – Etc.

3. Fit Indices Limitations: – Fit statistics indicate an overall/average model fit. That means there can be bad sections, but the overall fit is good. – No one magical number/summary. – They do not tell you where a misspecification occurs.

4. Fit Indices Limitations – Do not tell you the predictive value of a model. – Do not tell you if it’s theoretically meaningful.

5. Fit Indices Model test statistic – examines if the reproduced correlation matrix matches the sample correlation matrix – Sometimes called “badness of fit” – Want these to be small

6. Fit Indices Traditional NHST = reject-support context – You reject the null to show your research hypothesis is correct. SEM Hyp Testing = accept-support context – You do not reject the null showing that your model is consistent with the normal

7. Fit Indices Both types of statistical inferences have their problems … and especially in SEM because it is easy to find statistics that you would normally reject, even with good model fit. Tends to be too black and white (reject or not to reject!)

8. Fit Indices Approximate Fit Indices – Not traditionally a dichotomous yes-no decision – Do not distinguish between sampling error and evidence against the model

9. Fit Indices Approximate Fit Indices – Absolute Fit Indices – Incremental Fit Indices – A parsimony-adjusted Index – Predictive Fit Indices

10. Fit Indices Absolute fit indices – Proportion of the covariance matrix explained by the model – You can think about these as sort of R 2 – Want these values be high

11. Fit Indices Incremental Fit Indices – Also known as comparative fit indices – Compared to the improvement over the independence model (remember that’s the one with no relationships between the variables) – Not necessarily the best indices

12. Fit Indices Parsimony-adjusted index – These include penalties for model complexity (which normally gives you better fix by adding more paths) – These will have smaller values for simpler models

13. Fit Indices Predictive fix indices – Estimate model fit in a hypothetical replication of the study with the same sample size randomly drawn from the population – Not always used

14. Fit Indices What size? I need a rule?! – Everyone cites Hu and Bentler (1999) for the golden standards. – Same problem that Cohen had (we love rules). So when the fit is messy, cite Kline (page 197) as reasons that’s not a bad thing – This section is an interesting read, especially if you have trouble publishing, but not crucial to your understanding of fit indices

15. Model Test Statistic Chi-square (listed as CMIN in your output) – Formula = (N-1)F ML – F ML = is the minimum fit function in ML estimation – P values are based on df for your model and a chi- square distribution – You want this to be nonsignificant. But this is a catch 22!

16. Model Test Statistic Chi-square is biased by – Multivariate non-normality – Correlation size – bigger correlations can be bad for you (harder to estimate all that variance) – Unique variance – Sample size

17. Model Test Statistic Everyone reports chi-square, but people tend to ignore significant values – (I’m sort of eh on his YOU MUST PAY ATTN OR DIE talk in this section)

18. Model Test Statistic Normed chi-square or (X 2 /df) – this used to be widely reported and used – The criterion was < 3.00 were good models – Now most people have moved away from this procedure

19. Approximate Fit Indices Some examples: – RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation) – SRMR (standardized root mean square residual) – A/GFI (adjusted/goodness of fit index) – CFI (comparative fix index) – TLI (Tucker-Lewis Index) – NFI (Normed Fit Index)

20. RMSEA Parsimony-adjusted index Want small values – Excellent <.06 (not a typo different than book) – Good <.08 – Acceptable <.10 – Eeek >.10 Report CI!

21. Pclose Tests if the RMSEA is in the excellent range You want p >.50 to show that there is a high probability that RMSEA is effectively zero

22. SRMR Parsimony-adjusted index Want small values – Excellent <.06 (not a typo different than book) – Good <.08 – Acceptable <.10 – Eeek >.10

23. GFI Do not use this sucker unless you want to get a nasty review. – GFI, AGFI, PGFI Lots of research showing it’s positively biased Want large values

24. CFI Incremental Fit Index – Values are 0 to 1 (sometimes you’ll get slightly over 1, usually indicates something is wrong) – Want high values Excellent >.95 Good >.90 Blah <.90

25. The Other FIs NFI – a variation of the CFI, as it was said to underestimate for small samples RFI (relative fit index) IFI (incremental fit index) TLI (Tucker Lewis Index) – All have the same basic rules and formulas as CFI See Tabachnick 720-725 for how these and the next slides are calculated

26. Some other statistics Pratio – parsimony index PNFI, PCFI are parsimony adjustments for NFI, CFI NCP – noncentrality parameter (tells you how much it leans from the normal for that distribution)

27. Some other statistics FMIN – minimum discrepancy function used to calculate chi-square and other statistics – Include confidence interval in Amos

28. Model Comparisons Let’s say you want to adjust your model – You can compare the adjusted model to the original model to determine if the adjustment is better Let’s say you want to compare two different models – You can compare their fits to see which is better

29. Model Comparisons Nested models – If you can create one model from another by the addition or subtraction of parameters, then it is nested Model A is said to be nested within Model B, if Model B is a more complicated version of Model A. – For example, a one-factor model is nested within a two-factor as a one-factor model can be viewed as a two-factor model in which the correlation between factors is perfect).

30. Nested Models Chi-square difference test – | Subtract Model 1 CMIN – Model 2 CMIN | – Subtract Model 1 df – Model 2 df – Use a chi-square table to look up p <.05 for difference in df – See if the first step is greater than that value If yes, you say the model with the lower chi-square is better If no, you say they are the same and go with the simpler model

31. Nested Models So how can I tell what to change? NOTE: JUST CHANGE ONE THING AT A TIME! Use modification indices! – They tell you what the chi-square change would be if you add the path suggested. – Based on X 2 (1) – called a Lagrange Multiplier Remember that p 4. You can change this to see fewer options if you have a lot.

32. Non-Nested Models AIC – Akaike Information Criterion – Related CAIC (consistent AIC) BIC – Bayesian Information Criterion BCC – Browne-Cudeck Criterion – All of these are how much the sample will cross validate in the future – You want them to be small, so you pick the smallest one of the two models (how different?)

33. Non-Nested Models ECVI – expected cross validation index MECVI – modified ECVI – Again, you want small values, so you pick the model with the smallest ECVI

34. OMG! So what to do? – Mainly people report: X 2, RMSEA, SRMR, CFI – Determine the type of model change to use the right model comparison statistic